Phytochemical Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles of Zingiber officinale and Evaluation for Its Antibacterial Property.

Nonessential heavy metals are toxic to human health. In this study, mercury, a hazardous metal, was detected by colorimetric analysis using Zingiber (Z.) officinale. The eco-friendliness of this method was also emphasized. The ultraviolet (UV) spectrum is a broad peak observed at 200-250 nm in Z. officinale leaf extracts. The UV spectrum of green synthesized Z. officinale exhibited an absorption band of 286 nm, which confirms the nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the vibrational peak around 3307 cm-1 is assigned to ν(O-H) stretching that could possibly emanate from carbohydrates or phenolics. The peaks found around 2917 and 2849 cm-1 are ascribed to the -C-H stretch of the alkyl group, and the peak around 1625 cm-1 is due to the enolic ß-diketones or -C = O stretch of carboxylic acids, while the corresponding -C-O stretch is observed around 1375 and 1029 cm-1. The assignment of peaks is similar. It is clear from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image that the constituent parts were nonuniform, sphere-shaped, agglomerated, and of an average size of 30.9 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the structural characteristics and crystalline nature of Z. officinale. The observed intensity peaks at 32.35°, 36.69°, 39.24°, 44.76°, 59.42°, and 67.35° are, respectively, of the Z. officinale diffraction 2θ values, which correspond to the standard database values. The synthesized copper NPs synthesized tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli: 25 µg/mL 2.01 ± 0.11 and 100 µg/mL 5.37 ± 0.12, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus: 25 µg/mL 1.05 ± 0.71 and 100 µg/mL 11.43 ± 1.27, Streptococcus mutans: 25 µg/mL 02.01 ± 0.1 and 100 µg/mL 15.67 ± 0.17, and Enterococcus faecalis: 25 µg/mL 03.11 ± 0.7 and 100 µg/mL 18.32 ± 0.2. The short novelty of Z. officinale lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

Phytochemical Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles of Psidium guajava Leaf Extract and Evaluation for Its Antibacterial Property.

Nonessential heavy metals are toxic to human health. In this study, mercury, a hazardous metal, was detected by colorimetric analysis using Murraya koenigii. The eco-friendliness of this method was also emphasized. UV spectrum is a broad peak observed at 200-250 nm in P. guajava leaf extracts. The UV spectrum of green synthesized P. guajava exhibited an absorption band of 418 nm, which confirms the nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR analysis of the vibrational peak around 3307 cm-1 is assigned to ν(O-H) stretching that could possibly emanate from carbohydrates or phenolics. The peaks found around 2917 and 2849 cm-1 are ascribed to the -C-H stretch of the alkyl group, and the peak around 1625 cm-1 is due to the enolic ß-diketones or -C = O stretch of carboxylic acids, while the corresponding -C-O stretch is observed around 1375 and 1029 cm-1. The assignment of peaks is similar. It is clear from the SEM image that the constituent parts were non-uniform sphere-shaped, agglomerated, and of an average size of 30.9 nm. XRD analysis was utilized to determine the structural characteristics and crystalline nature of P. guajava. The observed intensity peaks at 32.35°, 36.69°, 39.24°, 44.76°, 59.42°, and 67.35° represent the 2θ values for P. guajava in the diffraction pattern, aligning with the values in the standard database. The synthesized AgNPs tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, 25 µg/mL 6.02 ± 0.17 and 100 µg/mL 7.3 ± 0.05, Staphylococcus aureus, 25 µg/mL 05.02 ± 0.07 and 100 µg/mL 11.3 ± 1.12, Streptococcus mutans, 25 µg/mL 04.02 ± 0.19 and 100 µg/mL 11.1 ± 0.11, Enterococcus faecalis, 25 µg/mL 0.8.05 ± 0.11 and 100 µg/mL 11.7 ± 0.02. The short novelty of Psidium guajava (guava) lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

One Step Rapid Sensitive Method for the Diagnosis of Hemolysin Gene of Aeromonas hydrophila by Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been linked to serious illnesses in both humans and animals. The presence of hemolysin, a virulence factor, is critical in the development of A. hydrophila-related illnesses. As a result, precise and timely detection of the hemolysin gene is critical for efficient diagnosis and prevention of many illnesses. The PCR is used in this study to detect the hemolysin gene of A. hydrophila in a novel, fast, and highly sensitive one-step technique. Specific primers were constructed to amplify a conserved area within the hemolysin gene to achieve both specificity as well as sensitivity. The PCR assay was rigorously optimized, taking temperature, primer concentration, and reaction time into account, in order to maximize the efficiency and reliability of this method. In conclusion, this method's simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity make it highly promising for regular diagnostic applications. Its application would allow for the early detection of A. hydrophila infections, allowing for more effective treatment and control methods.

Pharmacological Effect of In Vitro Antioxidant Property and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Utilizing Murraya koenigii Antibacterial Application.

Background: Nonessential heavy metals pose a significant threat to human health due to their toxicity. Mercury, in particular, is identified as a hazardous metal. The study aims to detect mercury using colorimetric analysis with Murraya koenigii, emphasizing the eco-friendliness of the method. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective is to detect mercury using a colorimetric analysis method employing Murraya koenigii. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the eco-friendliness of this detection method. Materials and Methods: Colorimetric analysis was conducted using Murraya koenigii to detect mercury. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was employed to detect the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), with a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis was performed to determine the crystalline nature and size of AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to visualize the morphology of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify functional groups involved in reducing silver ions. Antibacterial properties of synthesized AgNPs were tested against various microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results: Mercury was successfully detected using colorimetric analysis with Murraya koenigii. Formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with a characteristic SPR band at 418 nm. AgNPs were found to be crystalline with an average size of 5.20 nm, as determined by XRD analysis. SEM images revealed spherical and polycrystalline AgNPs. FTIR spectra indicated the involvement of the -OH group of compounds in the extract in reducing silver ions. Synthesized AgNPs exhibited antibacterial properties against various microorganisms. Conclusion: A sustainable and eco-friendly method for synthesizing AgNPs using Murraya koenigii extract was successfully developed. This method not only detected mercury but also demonstrated antibacterial properties against various microorganisms. The study underscores the health implications of nonessential heavy metals, emphasizing the importance of eco-friendly detection and mitigation methods.

Antimicrobial Activity and Biological Compatibility Study of Methanolic Crude Extract of Senna auriculata (Flower).

Senna auriculata is a little flowering tree or shrub that is indigenous to India and Sri Lanka. It is also known by the names Tanner's Cassia and Avarampoo. It is a member of the Fabaceae family and is popular for its therapeutic and beautifying effects. S. auriculata is used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including diabetes, fever, inflammation, skin problems, and liver issues. However, the antimicrobial activity of different species of S. auriculata from Tamil Nadu is still not fully explored. In this present study, the antimicrobial activity of S. auriculata (Flower) was obtained and shade dried and extracted the crude metabolites the, extracted metabolites was screened for it's antimicrobial properties and biological compatibility. The antimicrobial activity of crude metabolites shows 14 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) for S. aureus at 2 mg/well, whereas the P. aeruginosa and C. albicans show 12 mm ZOI for at 2 mg/well concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration also shows the 128 µg/mL for S. aureus and 256 µg/mL P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. The biological compatibility of crude metabolites shows 5% of hemolytic activity at higher concentrations the compound the metabolites having S. auriculata (Flower) may be biologically compatible.

Pharmacological Effect of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract and Application for its Antibacterial Properties.

Nanoparticles prepared from bio-reduction agents are of keen interest to researchers around the globe due to their ability to mitigate the harmful effects of chemicals. In this regard, the present study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). CuNPs show a characteristic absorption peak at 347 nm, while SEM reveals the spherical but agglomerated shape of CuNPs of the size within the range of 51.26-56.66 nm. The crystallite size measured by using XRD was found to be within a range of 23.38-46.64 nm for ginger-doped CuO and 26-56 nm for garlic-doped CuO. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows the crystalline structure of copper nanoparticles with prominent peaks. Bragg's reflection of copper nanoparticles shows diffraction peaks around 2θ =43.4°, 50.3°, and 74.39°, representing [111], [200], and [220] crystallographic planes of face-centered cubic (fcc). The synthesized CuO NPs tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, 25 µg/mL 2.3 ± 0.21 and 100 µg/mL 6.5 ± 0.17, Staphylococcus aureus, 25 µg/mL 2.3 ± 0.29 and 100 µg/mL 11.5 ± 1.17, Streptococcus mutans, 25 µg/mL 01.05 ± 0.21 and 100 µg/mL 15.8 ± 0.17, Enterococcus faecalis). The short novelty of Azadirachta indica lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

Systematic Evaluation of Aegle marmelos-Derived Compounds: Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Aegle marmelos active compounds through a multifaceted approach. The investigation encompasses molecular docking studies, computational pharmacokinetic predictions, and in vitro assessments, with a focus on understanding their physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and molecular interactions. Materials and methods This study was conducted in the Research Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Tamilnadu, India. The study employed Soxhlet and methanol extraction techniques to obtain Aegle marmelos extracts, which were then subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the H2O2 assay, while anti-inflammatory potential was determined via the egg albumin denaturation assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted with human heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and human zanthine oxidoreductase (XO) proteins to elucidate potential therapeutic interactions. Furthermore, computational tools like SwissADME, pkCSM, and ADMETlab 2.0 were utilized to predict physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, providing insights into the compound absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles. This integrated approach aimed to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos-derived compounds against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders, paving the way for future drug development endeavors. Results In the antioxidant assay, Aegle marmelos methanolic tuber extracts showed exceptional absorption of 87.4%, surpassing the reference standard. In the anti-inflammatory assay, the extracts displayed an absorption of approximately 79%, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. Auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and adherence to the Lipinski rule of 5, suggesting promising drug development potential. In molecular docking, imperatorin demonstrated the highest binding affinity to HHO-1 and XO. Conclusion The study on Aegle marmelos highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemical constituents, such as auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen, show promising pharmacokinetic profiles, suggesting their suitability for drug development. Molecular docking analysis reveals imperatorin as the most effective binder to key enzymes, emphasizing its therapeutic potential against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Utilizing Extracts From Allium sativum.

INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of this study was to develop an environmentally friendly and efficient method for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), utilizing extracts from Allium sativum (garlic) plants, characterizing the synthesized ZnO NPs using various analytical techniques, and assessing their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The synthesis process involved utilizing extracts from garlic plants to create ZnO NPs. The NPs were subjected to comprehensive characterization through UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial properties were assessed against different microbial strains. In vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. Bioactive compounds in the synthesized NPs were also identified. RESULTS: Analysis of the UV-vis spectrum confirmed the synthesis of ZnO NPs with an approximate size of 280 nm, as indicated by the absorption peak in the surface plasmon resonance band. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. SEM analysis determined the dimensions of the NPs to be around 11 nm. XRD patterns exhibited distinct Bragg reflections, confirming specific crystallographic planes. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated a reduction in absorbance at 517 nm and 734 nm, indicating antioxidant activity. Antibacterial testing revealed inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans,and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSION: The study successfully synthesized ZnO NPs using an eco-friendly method with garlic plant extracts. Characterization techniques confirmed the structural and chemical properties of the NPs. The synthesized NPs exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activities, showcasing their potential for various applications. The identification of bioactive compounds further contributes to the understanding of the biological properties of the synthesized NPs.