The link between executive skills and neural dynamics during encoding, inhibition, and retrieval of visual information in the elderly.

During aging the inter-individual variability in both the neural and behavioral functions is likely to be emphasized. Decreased competence particularly in working memory and general executive control compromises many aspects of the quality of life also within the nonclinical population. We aimed, first, to clarify the brain basis of visual working memory and inhibition during multi-stage natural-like task performance, and second, to identify associations between variation in task-related neural activity and relevant cognitive skills, namely inhibition and general working memory capacity. We recorded, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), the neural modulations associated with encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, as well as interference suppression during a visual working memory task in older adults. We quantified the neural correlates of these cognitive processes through two complementary approaches: evoked responses and oscillatory activity. Neural activity during memory retrieval and interference suppression were correlated with behavioral measures of task switching and general executive functions. Our results show that general inhibitory control induced frontocentral neural modulation across a broad range of frequencies whereas domain-specific inhibition was limited to right posterior areas. Our findings also suggest that modulations particularly in phase-locked evoked neural activity can be reliably associated with explicit measures of cognitive skills, with better inhibitory control linked with an early neural effect of distractor inhibition during retrieval. In general, we show that exploiting the inherent inter-individual variability in neural measures and behavioral markers of cognition in aging populations can help establish reliable links between specific brain functions and their behavioral manifestations.

Cortical Tracking of Global and Local Variations of Speech Rhythm during Connected Natural Speech Perception.

During natural speech perception, listeners must track the global speaking rate, that is, the overall rate of incoming linguistic information, as well as transient, local speaking rate variations occurring within the global speaking rate. Here, we address the hypothesis that this tracking mechanism is achieved through coupling of cortical signals to the amplitude envelope of the perceived acoustic speech signals. Cortical signals were recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG) while participants perceived spontaneously produced speech stimuli at three global speaking rates (slow, normal/habitual, and fast). Inherently to spontaneously produced speech, these stimuli also featured local variations in speaking rate. The coupling between cortical and acoustic speech signals was evaluated using audio-MEG coherence. Modulations in audio-MEG coherence spatially differentiated between tracking of global speaking rate, highlighting the temporal cortex bilaterally and the right parietal cortex, and sensitivity to local speaking rate variations, emphasizing the left parietal cortex. Cortical tuning to the temporal structure of natural connected speech thus seems to require the joint contribution of both auditory and parietal regions. These findings suggest that cortical tuning to speech rhythm operates on two functionally distinct levels: one encoding the global rhythmic structure of speech and the other associated with online, rapidly evolving temporal predictions. Thus, it may be proposed that speech perception is shaped by evolutionary tuning, a preference for certain speaking rates, and predictive tuning, associated with cortical tracking of the constantly changing-rate of linguistic information in a speech stream.

The right hemisphere is highlighted in connected natural speech production and perception.

Current understanding of the cortical mechanisms of speech perception and production stems mostly from studies that focus on single words or sentences. However, it has been suggested that processing of real-life connected speech may rely on additional cortical mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the neural substrates of natural speech production and perception with magnetoencephalography by modulating three central features related to speech: amount of linguistic content, speaking rate and social relevance. The amount of linguistic content was modulated by contrasting natural speech production and perception to speech-like non-linguistic tasks. Meaningful speech was produced and perceived at three speaking rates: normal, slow and fast. Social relevance was probed by having participants attend to speech produced by themselves and an unknown person. These speech-related features were each associated with distinct spatiospectral modulation patterns that involved cortical regions in both hemispheres. Natural speech processing markedly engaged the right hemisphere in addition to the left. In particular, the right temporo-parietal junction, previously linked to attentional processes and social cognition, was highlighted in the task modulations. The present findings suggest that its functional role extends to active generation and perception of meaningful, socially relevant speech.

A multimodal spectral approach to characterize rhythm in natural speech.

Human utterances demonstrate temporal patterning, also referred to as rhythm. While simple oromotor behaviors (e.g., chewing) feature a salient periodical structure, conversational speech displays a time-varying quasi-rhythmic pattern. Quantification of periodicity in speech is challenging. Unimodal spectral approaches have highlighted rhythmic aspects of speech. However, speech is a complex multimodal phenomenon that arises from the interplay of articulatory, respiratory, and vocal systems. The present study addressed the question of whether a multimodal spectral approach, in the form of coherence analysis between electromyographic (EMG) and acoustic signals, would allow one to characterize rhythm in natural speech more efficiently than a unimodal analysis. The main experimental task consisted of speech production at three speaking rates; a simple oromotor task served as control. The EMG-acoustic coherence emerged as a sensitive means of tracking speech rhythm, whereas spectral analysis of either EMG or acoustic amplitude envelope alone was less informative. Coherence metrics seem to distinguish and highlight rhythmic structure in natural speech.