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1.
Clin Med (Lond) ; 23(4): 403-408, 2023 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37353306

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), also referred to as hepatitis delta virus, is the smallest virus capable of causing human disease. It is unable to replicate on its own and can only propagate in the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Infection with both HBV and HDV frequently results in more severe disease than HBV alone, with higher instances of cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, there is a need for effective treatment for HDV; however, currently approved treatment options are very limited both in terms of their efficacy and availability. This makes the management of HDV a challenge for physicians. In this review, we look at the background, diagnosis and treatment of HDV, informed by our hospital data, to set out the optimal management of HDV; we also explore novel treatment options for this disease.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Liver Neoplasms , Humans , Hepatitis Delta Virus , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy , Liver Neoplasms/therapy , Hepatitis B virus
2.
BMJ Case Rep ; 20172017 Oct 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29025777

ABSTRACT

A 79-year-old woman with a history of ischaemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation presented to hospital with severe chest pain. Blood tests showed an elevated D-dimer and a rise in troponin I. ECG showed right bundle branch block pattern and T wave inversion in leads V1 to V3, although these changes were present in old ECGs. A chest X-ray was done which was normal. Due to the nature and severity of her pain a CT aortic angiogram was done. This did not show any evidence of aortic dissection or a pulmonary embolism. The patient then had several episodes of haematemesis. An urgent oesophagogastroduodenoscopy was done which showed a circumferential, well demarcated area of blackened oesophageal mucosa. The patient was diagnosed with ischaemic damage to her oesophagus.


Subject(s)
Chest Pain/etiology , Esophageal Mucosa/pathology , Ischemia/complications , Ischemia/pathology , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Bundle-Branch Block , Chest Pain/diagnostic imaging , Chest Pain/pathology , Computed Tomography Angiography , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Esophageal Mucosa/injuries , Female , Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/metabolism , Hematemesis/etiology , Humans , Myocardial Ischemia/complications , Omeprazole/therapeutic use , Parenteral Nutrition , Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Troponin I/metabolism
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