ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of anaplasmosis is rather conflicting with other haemoprotozoans. Hence, the study aimed to compare and evaluate the efficiency of competitive ELISA (cELISA), indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for precise diagnosis of Anaplasma spp. and to assess their concordance with microscopic examination (ME). RESULTS: A total of 312 blood samples (189 sheep and 123 goats) were examined for Anaplasma infection during a 1 year period. Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined under the microscope. IFA and cELISA were used for the detection of Anaplasma spp. antibodies. PCR was used as a standard of truth and for the identification of Anaplasma species. Using cELISA assay, 47.4% (148) were positive (93 sheep and 55 goats) with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.9, and 86.9%, respectively. Using IFA, it was found that 57.4% (179)were positive (113 sheep and 66 goats) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100, and 93.3%, respectively. PCR assay identified A. ovis in 49 (25.3%) sheep and 30 (15.5%) goats, and A. phagocytophilumin 74 (38.1%) sheep and 41 (20.8%) goats. CONCLUSIONS: High sensitivity and specificity values of IFA and ELISA tests compared to microscopic examination strongly support their utility in the diagnosis of Anaplasma infection. PCR was a more specific diagnostic tool that allows to discriminate between Anaplasma subspecies, which makes it the method of choice for anaplasmosis diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Anaplasmosis/diagnosis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary , Goat Diseases/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Animals , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/methods , Goat Diseases/microbiology , Goats , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/microbiologyABSTRACT
The prevalence of some viral and haemoprotozoan infections in goats and sheep was investigated in the present study. The infections of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. were encountered by PCR and cELISA for the detection of Anaplasma spp. Anaplasma spp. was more prevalent than Theileria spp. with a significant difference (Pvalue<0.05) in both goats and sheep, but, the infection in sheep was more prevalent than goats. Also four viral infections were detected: Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), Bluetongue Virus (BTV), Madina Visna Virus (MVV) and Schmallenberg, (SBV) with an overall prevalence of 56.6%, 40.4%, 36.0%, and 6.8% respectively. The factors related to the infections were also investigated. Detection of the antibodies against examined viruses and Anaplasma spp. indicated the widespread of these infections. So far to our knowledge, this is the first study that estimates the prevalence and distribution of MVV and SBV antibodies in Saudi Arabia. Both RVFV and BTV are widespread in KSA, causing Viremia in 7.2% and 25% respectively of total samples. These findings suggested that parasitic and viral infections are considered as important health risks for sheep and goats. For this reason, the current study introduces invaluable information for different governmental agencies for dealing with infection control meausers.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/veterinary , Anaplasma/isolation & purification , Animals , Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goat Diseases/virology , Goats , Male , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Rickettsia/isolation & purification , Risk Factors , Saudi Arabia/epidemiology , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Sheep Diseases/virology , Theileria/isolation & purification , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/virology , Viruses/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The prevalence of some viral and haemoprotozoan infections in goats and sheep was investigated in the present study. The infections of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. were encountered by PCR and cELISA for the detection of Anaplasma spp. Anaplasma spp. was more prevalent than Theileria spp. with a significant difference (Pvalue<0.05) in both goats and sheep, but, the infection in sheep was more prevalent than goats. Also four viral infections were detected: Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), Bluetongue Virus (BTV), Madina Visna Virus (MVV) and Schmallenberg, (SBV) with an overall prevalence of 56.6%, 40.4%, 36.0%, and 6.8% respectively. The factors related to the infections were also investigated. Detection of the antibodies against examined viruses and Anaplasma spp. indicated the widespread of these infections. So far to our knowledge, this is the first study that estimates the prevalence and distribution of MVV and SBV antibodies in Saudi Arabia. Both RVFV and BTV are widespread in KSA, causing Viremia in 7.2% and 25% respectively of total samples. These findings suggested that parasitic and viral infections are considered as important health risks for sheep and goats. For this reason, the current study introduces invaluable information for different governmental agencies for dealing with infection control meausers.
