ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Areca catechu, commonly known as betel nut, is very famous for its medicinal use in multiple disorders. It is also popular as a remedy against inflammatory disorders in the Unani (Greco-Arab) system of medicine. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This study was aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude extract of Areca catechu and its respective fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paw edema, formalin-induced nociception and acetic acid-induced writhing assays were carried out in vivo. Free radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was performed in vitro. RESULTS: Preliminary experiments using a single dose (100 mg/kg) of Areca catechu and its respective fractions demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced edema in mice and rats, the aqueous fraction being distinctly more effective. When studied on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), arachidonic acid, histamine, or serotonin (5HT)-induced edema in rats, Areca catechu and its aqueous fraction markedly repressed only the PGE2 and arachidonic acid-induced inflammation. When studied for analgesic activity, the crude extract and its aqueous fraction produced a dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg) inhibitory effect on formalin-induced nociception in mice and acetic acid-induced writhing in rats, similar to aspirin. In DPPH assay, Areca catechu and its aqueous fraction exhibited free radical scavenging activity with respective IC(50) values of 5.34 µg/ml (4.93-5.78, CI; 95%, n=5) and 7.28 µg/ml (6.04-7.95, n=4), like that of rutin with IC(50) value of 4.75 µg/ml (3.89-5.42, n=4). CONCLUSION: These results indicate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Areca catechu and provide a rationale for its medicinal use in inflammatory disorders.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Areca , Edema/drug therapy , Pain/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Analgesics/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Aspirin/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism , Carrageenan , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/chemically induced , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nuts , Pain/chemically induced , Picrates/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rutin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the general practitioners (GP) knowledge regarding the diagnosis and initial drug therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in randomly selected GPs of Karachi. Doctors working in community as GPs who were registered medical practitioners having a Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery degree were included in the study. Doctors working at tertiary care facilities or having a post graduate degree or post graduate training in a specialty other than family medicine were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A total of 186 GPs participated in our study. GPs who studied research journals were 2.33 times more likely to investigate serum cardiac troponins levels for the diagnosis of AMI compared to those who did not study research journals (P = 0.02). Twenty six percent of the GPs said that they would refer a patient with suspected AMI without treatment, while 76% said that they would consider some treatment prior to referral. Fifty eight percent of the GPs identified ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) of < 12 hours duration as an indication of thrombolysis while 28% identified posterior wall AMI as a thrombolytic indication. CONCLUSION: GPs, although adequately aware of the presenting features of AMI, were lacking in knowledge regarding the means for confirmation of diagnosis, initial drug therapy and were less likely to carry management steps in their practice.
