Subject(s)
Basidiomycota/immunology , Disease Resistance/genetics , Genes, Plant , Plant Leaves/genetics , Triticum/genetics , Alleles , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Loci , Genetic Markers , Microsatellite Repeats , Pakistan , Plant Diseases/genetics , Plant Diseases/immunology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Leaves/immunology , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Triticum/immunology , Triticum/microbiologyABSTRACT
Increasing sophisticated information suggests that cancer cells express constitutively active oncogenic kinases such as breakpoint cluster region- c-abl oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL1) that promote carcinogenesis independent of extrinsic growth factors. It is a well-established fact that through the aberrant activation of BCR-ABL1 signal transduction cascade, the perception of cellular growth signals becomes disconnected from the processes promoting cell growth, and this underlies the pathophysiology of leukemia. In this particular review we discuss the oncogenes and tumor suppressors comprising the regulatory network upstream and downstream of BCR-ABL1 and dismantle how derailed BCR-ABL1 signaling provides cell a selective growth advantage. Besides, we discuss why activation of BCR-ABL1, as an outcome of distinct oncogenic events, results in miscellaneous clinical outcomes, and how the intricacy of the BCR-ABL1 signaling network might dictate therapeutic approaches. In this review, our current comprehension of BCR-ABL1 signaling will be summarized.
Subject(s)
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism , Autophagy , Humans , Intracellular Space/metabolism , Leukemia/drug therapy , Leukemia/genetics , Leukemia/metabolism , Protein Transport , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Leukemia is a many-sided molecular disorder that arises because of over expression of oncogenes, suppression of tumor suppressor genes, and chromosomal translocations. These chromosomal rearrangements are nonetheless among the many determinants that underlie transformation of cells from normal to a cancerous phenotype and predispose cells to refractoriness against interventions by reduced drug influx and substantial drug efflux. This review unfolds current understanding of BCR-ABL1 (break point cluster region-c-abl oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase) signaling with a focus on apoptotic suppressive mechanisms and alternative approaches to chronic myeloid leukemia therapy.
Subject(s)
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism , Leukemia/genetics , Leukemia/metabolism , Disease Progression , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Humans , Leukemia/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil crops and is widely cultivated in Asia and Africa. To determine the level of genetic diversity in relation to geographical origins and morphological characteristics, a total of 96 accessions have been collected from different parts of the world and were analyzed using AFLP techniques. Twenty-one primer pairs generated a total of 445 bands and among them 157 (35 percent) were polymorphic. Using UPGMA clustering analysis method based on the similarity coefficient, accessions were separated into two major groups. The first group mostly consists of Eastern Asian origin and another group consists of South Asian origin. Sub-clusters separated the accessions and form distinct diversity among groups. Considering the relatednessof accessions, geographical origin and their morphological characteristics are reflected to the similarity of AFLP pattern.
