The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (AISI 1010) influenced by grain size through microstructural mechanical.

Low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) is the predominant material used in industrial food processing equipment. Such equipment is vulnerable to the corrosive environment produced by various production stages. Different processes, such as sulphonation and carbonation, are used in the processing of sugar in the sugar industry, creating a corrosive atmosphere. The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (AISI 1010) is strongly influenced by grain size variations, which in turn affect the microstructural mechanical properties of the material. The mechanical behavior and performance of metallic materials, including their corrosion resistance, is determined by grain size which is an important parameter for this phenomena. The impact of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) microstructure on corrosion behavior is discussed in this work. Heat treatment produces two different types of microstructure from the same material, which are then analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) have both been used to study characteristics including morphology and content. By supplying an appropriate corrosive medium, the corrosion performance of several microstructures of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) was assessed, and corrosion rates were calculated using weight-loss and electrochemical techniques. Results show that the creation of a protective coating with a higher charge transfer resistance is caused by the adsorption process. The variety in phases and grain sizes may contribute to the corrosion stability of different microstructures, and as a result, the corrosion rate lowers as average grain sizes are reduced. Employing the galvanic effect, pearlite increases the rate of ferrite corrosion. The study's findings support the notion that quenching low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) results in a finer grain structure and greater corrosion resistance.

Unsteady mix convectional stagnation point flow of nanofluid over a movable electro-magnetohydrodynamics Riga plate numerical approach.

The flow at a time-independent separable stagnation point on a Riga plate under thermal radiation and electro-magnetohydrodynamic settings is examined in this research. Two distinct base fluids-H2O and C2H6O2 and TiO2 nanostructures develop the nanocomposites. The flow problem incorporates the equations of motion and energy along with a unique model for viscosity and thermal conductivity. Similarity components are then used to reduce these model problem calculations. The Runge Kutta (RK-4) function yields the simulation result, which is displayed in graphical and tabular form. For both involved base fluid theories, the nanofluids flow and thermal profiles relating to the relevant aspects are computed and analyzed. According to the findings of this research, the C2H6O2 model heat exchange rate is significantly higher than the H2O model. As the volume percentage of nanoparticles rises, the velocity field degrades while the temperature distribution improves. Moreover, for greater acceleration parameters, TiO2/ C2H6O2has the highest thermal coefficient whereas TiO2/ H2O has the highest skin friction coefficient. The key observation is that C2H6O2 base nanofluid has a little higher performance than H2O nanofluid.

Simulation of the water-based hybrid nanofluids flow through a porous cavity for the applications of the heat transfer.

This study looks at the natural convections of Cu + Al2O3/H2O nanofluid into a permeable chamber. The magnetic field is also executed on the flow field and the analysis has been approached numerically by the control volume method. The study of hybrid nanofluid heat in terms of the transfer flux was supplemented with a wide range of parameters of hybrid nanofluid fractions, Rayleigh numbers Hartmann numbers and porosity factor. It's also determined that the flow and thermal distribution are heavily affected by the concentration of the nanoparticles. The concentration of nanoparticles increases the transport of convective energy inside the enclosure. The primary findings demonstrate that a rise in both the Rayleigh number and Darcy number leads to an improvement in convective heat transfer within the enclosure. However, the porosity has a negligible effect. Additionally, the rotation in a clockwise direction has a beneficial impact on the dispersion of heat transfer throughout the cavity. Furthermore, it is concluded that hybrid nanofluids are more reliable than conventional fluids in improving thermal properties.

Features of flow and heat transport of MoS2+GO hybrid nanofluid with nonlinear chemical reaction, radiation and energy source around a whirling sphere.

The current investigation employs a numerical simulation to demonstrate the impact of hall current on unsteady free convective flow caused by hybrid-nanofluid over a revolving sphere approaching the stagnation point. The prominent characteristics of Lorentz force as a result of magnetic field coupling with hybrid nanofluid is also explored. The process of energy and mass transmission is inspected with nonlinear thermal radiations, non-uniform energy supply, dissipation and nonlinear chemical reaction. In current flow model, a unique class of nanofluid known as the hybrid nanofluid is being used, which contain GO (graphene oxide) and MoS 2 (molybdenum disulfide) with water. The angular speed of both the sphere and free stream changes frequently with time. Employing adequate dimensionless variables, the partial-differential patterns strongly non-linear that represent the situational analysis are morphed into non-linear ordinary differential patterns. The analytical outcomes of ordinary differential pattern have been developed via OHAM technique. Utilizing tables and graphs, various aspects of such controllable physical characteristics have been highlighted and explored in depth. For varying values of M , φ , δ , S c and K n ,the variations in C f x , C f z , N u and S h in MoS 2 -GO/H 2 O are the greatest as contrasted to MoS 2 /H 2 O. The results are also compared to those reported existing literature and they are noticed to be in very close agreement.

Entropy and Bejan Number Influence on the Liquid Film Flow of Viscoelastic Hybrid Nanofluids in a Porous Space in Terms of Heat Transfer.

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the various parameters on the flow of thin film motion on an inclined extending surface. Maxwell fluid is used as a base fluid, and magnesium oxide (MgO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are used as nanocomponents. The width of the thin film is considered variable and varied according to the stability of the proposed model. The magnetic field is used in the vertical track to the flow field. The entropy generation and Bejan number are examined under the influence of various embedded parameters. The outputs of the liquid film motion, thermal profile, and concentration field are also shown with the help of their respective graphs based on the collected data. The solution of the model involves key features such as entropy generation, Bejan number, drag force, and heat transfer rate. Brinkman number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, thickness parameter ß, and unsteadiness parameter S are also deliberated graphically. The percentage improvement for the enhancement of heat transfer has been calculated and compared for both the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluids. The results are validated through comparison with the existing literature.

Transmission dynamic of stochastic hepatitis C model by spectral collocation method.

In this research work, we present an exciting mathematical analysis of a stochastic model, using a standard incidence function, for infectious disease hepatitis C transmission dynamics. In this model, we divided the infected population into three different classes with two different infection stages known as chronic class and acute class while the third is an isolation class. We also presents briefly the Legendre spectral method for the numerical solution to the proposed model. It is observed that the disease-free equilibrium is asymptotically stable, when basic reproduction number R0<1. It is also shown that the proposed model has a stable endemic equilibrium when the reproduction number R0>1. Also, sensitivity analysis is carried out to study and identify the effect of parameters on R0. Moreover, we have performed numerical simulations to study the influence of disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. Legendre polynomial and Legendre weight function are used to solve the proposed stochastic system numerically. Numerical results are compared against the basic reproduction number.

Gravity-driven hydromagnetic flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid with homogenous-heterogeneous reactions.

This investigation describes the hydromagnetic flow of gravity-driven couple stress hybrid nanofluid past a heated plate. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used to characterize the hybrid nanofluid. The heated plate is placed vertically with an application of homogenous-heterogeneous reactions to the assumed flow system. The homogeneous reaction governs by isothermal cubic autocatalytic kinetics while the heterogeneous reaction governs by the first order kinetics. For current study the couple stress hybrid nanofluid is presumed to be conducted electrically with impact of non-uniform magnetic effects. An appropriate set of dimensionless quantities has employed to governing equations and then has solved by homotopy analysis method. The influence of emerging parameters encountered in this work has discussed in detail with the help of graphs. In this study it has examined that, flow of fluid reduces with upsurge in magnetic parameter and volumetric concentrations, whereas thermal and concentration characteristics augment with increase in volumetric concentrations. Moreover, growth in Prandtl number leads to a reduction in thermal characteristics and growth in Schmidt number result a reduction in concentration profile. The impact of various emerging parameters has also studied numerically upon physical quantities. It has established that, with augmentation in values of buoyancy parameter there is a growth in the values of skin friction. A comparison has also carried out between current and established results with a fine agreement in both results.

Bio-convective and chemically reactive hybrid nanofluid flow upon a thin stirring needle with viscous dissipation.

In this work, the thermal analysis for bio-convective hybrid nanofluid flowing upon a thin horizontally moving needle is carried out. The chemical reaction and viscous dissipation has also considered for flow system in the presence of microorganism. The hybrid nanoparticles comprising of Copper [Formula: see text] and Alumina [Formula: see text] are considered for current flow problem. Mathematically the flow problem is formulated by employing the famous Buongiorno's model that will also investigate the consequences of thermophoretic forces and Brownian motion upon flow system. Group of similar variables is used to transform the model equations into dimensionless form and have then solved analytically by homotopy analysis method (HAM). It has established in this work that, flow of fluid declines due to increase in bioconvection Rayleigh number, buoyancy ratio and volume fractions of nanoparticles. Thermal flow grows due to rise in Eckert number, Brownian, thermophoresis parameters and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Concentration profiles increase due to growth in Brownian motion parameter and reduces due to increase in thermophoresis parameter and Lewis number. Motile microorganism profile declines due to augmentation in Peclet and bioconvection Lewis numbers. Moreover, the percentage enhancement in the drag force and rate of heat transfer using conventional nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid are observed and discussed. The hybrid nanofluid increases the skin friction and heat transfer rate more rapidly and efficiently as compared to other traditional fluids. A comparison of the present study with the existing literature is also conducted with a closed agreement between both results for variations in thickness of the needle.

Chemically reactive nanofluid flow past a thin moving needle with viscous dissipation, magnetic effects and hall current.

This work addresses the ability to manage the distribution of heat transmission for fluid flow occurs upon a paraboloid thin shaped hot needle by using hybrid nanoparticles containing Copper Oxide (CuO) and Silver (Ag) with water as pure fluid. The needle is placed horizontally in nanofluid with an application of Hall current and viscous dissipation. The popular Buongiorno model has employed in the current investigation in order to explore the impact of Brownian and thermophoretic forces exerted by the fluid. The modeled equations with boundary conditions are transformed to non-dimensional form by incorporating a suitable group of similarity variables. This set of ordinary differential equations is then solved by employing homotopy analysis method (HAM). After detail study of the current work, it has established that the flow of fluid reduces with growth in magnetic effects and volume fractions of nanoparticles. Thermal characteristics increase with augmentation of Eckert number, magnetic field, volume fractions of nanoparticles, Brownian motion parameter and decline with increase in Prandtl number. Moreover, concentration of nanoparticles reduces with corresponding growth in Lewis number and thermophoresis, chemical reaction parameters while increases with growth in Brownian motion parameter.

Bernstein collocation method for neutral type functional differential equation.

Functional differential equations of neutral type are a class of differential equations in which the derivative of the unknown functions depends on the history of the function and its derivative as well. Due to this nature the explicit solutions of these equations are not easy to compute and sometime even not possible. Therefore, one must use some numerical technique to find an approximate solution to these equations. In this paper, we used a spectral collocation method which is based on Bernstein polynomials to find the approximate solution. The disadvantage of using Bernstein polynomials is that they are not orthogonal and therefore one cannot use the properties of orthogonal polynomials for the efficient evaluation of differential equations. In order to avoid this issue and to fully use the properties of orthogonal polynomials, a change of basis transformation from Bernstein to Legendre polynomials is used. An error analysis in infinity norm is provided, followed by several numerical examples to justify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme.

Automatic identification of abnormal blood smear images using color and morphology variation of RBCS and central pallor.

The anatomy of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood smear images plays an important role in the detection of several diseases. The automated image-based technique is fast and accurate for the analysis of blood cells morphology that can save time of both pathologists as well as that of patients. In this paper, we propose a novel method which segment and identify varied RBCs in a given blood smear images. In the proposed method, the central pallor and whole cell information are used, after using color processing followed by double thresholding of blood smear images. The shape and size variances of cells are calculated for the identification of abnormalities in peripheral blood smear images. We used cross-validation accuracy weighted probabilistic ensemble (CAWPE). It is a heterogeneous ensembling technique of nearly equivalent classifiers produced on averagely significant better classifiers (regarding errors and probability estimates) as compared to a wide range of potential parent classifiers. The proposed method is tested on 3 sets of images. The sets of images were prepared in a local government hospital by expert pathologists. Each image set has varied photographic conditions. The method was found accurate in term of results, closer to the ground truth. The average accuracy of the proposed method is 97% for the segmentation of single cells and 96% for overlapped cells. The variance (σ2) of accuracy is 3.5 and the deviation (σ) is 1.87.

A kinetic flux vector splitting scheme for shallow water equations incorporating variable bottom topography and horizontal temperature gradients.

This paper is concerned with the derivation of a well-balanced kinetic scheme to approximate a shallow flow model incorporating non-flat bottom topography and horizontal temperature gradients. The considered model equations, also called as Ripa system, are the non-homogeneous shallow water equations considering temperature gradients and non-uniform bottom topography. Due to the presence of temperature gradient terms, the steady state at rest is of primary interest from the physical point of view. However, capturing of this steady state is a challenging task for the applied numerical methods. The proposed well-balanced kinetic flux vector splitting (KFVS) scheme is non-oscillatory and second order accurate. The second order accuracy of the scheme is obtained by considering a MUSCL-type initial reconstruction and Runge-Kutta time stepping method. The scheme is applied to solve the model equations in one and two space dimensions. Several numerical case studies are carried out to validate the proposed numerical algorithm. The numerical results obtained are compared with those of staggered central NT scheme. The results obtained are also in good agreement with the recently published results in the literature, verifying the potential, efficiency, accuracy and robustness of the suggested numerical scheme.

Interaction between wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin bi-functional inhibitor and mammalian digestive enzymes: Kinetic, equilibrium and structural characterization of binding.

Alpha-amylase/trypsin bi-functional inhibitors (ATIs) are non-gluten protein components of wheat and other cereals that can hypersensitise the human gastrointestinal tract, eventually causing enteropathies in predisposed individuals. These inhibitory proteins can act both directly by targeting specific pro-inflammatory receptors, and indirectly by impairing the activity of digestive enzymes, the latter event causing the accumulation of undigested peptides with potential immunogenic properties. Herein, according to a concerted approach based on in vitro and in silico methods we characterized kinetics, equilibrium parameters and modes of binding of the complexes formed between wheat ATI and two representative mammalian digestive enzymes, namely trypsin and alpha-amylase. Interestingly, we demonstrated ATI to target both enzymes with independent binding sites and with moderately high affinity.