3D Bioprinting of Human Hollow Organs.

3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technique that has been found to have extensive applications in disease research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting might be a solution to global organ shortages and the growing aversion to testing cell patterning for novel tissue fabrication and building superior disease models. It has the unrivaled capability of layer-by-layer deposition using different types of biomaterials, stem cells, and biomolecules with a perfectly regulated spatial distribution. The tissue regeneration of hollow organs has always been a challenge for medical science because of the complexities of their cell structures. In this mini review, we will address the status of the science behind tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting of epithelialized tubular hollow organs. This review will also cover the current challenges and prospects, as well as the application of these complicated 3D-printed organs.

Successful delivery of docetaxel to rat brain using experimentally developed nanoliposome: a treatment strategy for brain tumor.

Docetaxel (DTX) is found to be very effective against glioma cell in vitro. However, in vivo passage of DTX through BBB is extremely difficult due to the physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of the drug. No existing formulation is successful in this aspect. Hence, in this study, effort was made to send DTX through blood-brain barrier (BBB) to brain to treat diseases such as solid tumor of brain (glioma) by developing DTX-loaded nanoliposomes. Primarily drug-excipients interaction was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. The DTX-loaded nanoliposomes (L-DTX) were prepared by lipid layer hydration technique and characterized physicochemically. In vitro cellular uptake in C6 glioma cells was investigated. FTIR data show that the selected drug and excipients were chemically compatible. The unilamellar vesicle size was less than 50 nm with smooth surface. Drug released slowly from L-DTX in vitro in a sustained manner. The pharmacokinetic data shows more extended action of DTX from L-DTX in experimental rats than the free-drug and Taxotere®. DTX from L-DTX enhanced 100% drug concentration in brain as compared with Taxotere® in 4 h. Thus, nanoliposomes as vehicle may be an encouraging strategy to treat glioma with DTX.

Formulation development and in vitro evaluation of solidified self-microemulsion in the form of tablet containing atorvastatin calcium.

AIM: The objective of our present study was to prepare solid self-microemulsion in the form of tablet of a poorly water soluble drug, Atorvastatin calcium (ATNC) to increase the solubility, dissolution rate, and minimize the hazards experienced from liquid emulsions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Self-microemulsifying ATNC tablet was formulated mainly by using self-emulsifying base, solidifying agent silicon dioxide and sodium starch glycolate as tablet disintegrant. Self-emulsifying base containing Transcutol P, Gelucire 44/14, and Lutrol F68 with their ratios in the formulation, were best selected by solubility study and ternary phase diagram in different vehicles. Particle size of microemulsion from tablet, physical parameters of the tablet and drug content has been checked. In vitro drug release rate has been carried out in phosphate buffer medium (pH 6.8). Physicochemical characterization of the drug in the optimized formulation has been performed to check drug-excipient incompatibility, if any. RESULTS: Average particle diameter of the emulsions formed from the tablet was found to be below 100 nm in case of formulation F4 and F5, which indicated microemulsions has been formed. In vitro drug release from the formulations F3, F4, and F5 was found to be >90%, indicated the enhancement of solubility of ATNC compared to parent drug. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), Powder X-ray Diffraction (X-RD) and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) study proved the identity of the drug in the optimized formulation. CONCLUSION: The tablet form of self-microemulsifying (SME) drug delivery is good for solubility enhancement.

Response surface optimization of sustained release metformin-hydrochloride matrix tablets: influence of some hydrophillic polymers on the release.

The aim of the present work was designed to develop a model-sustained release matrix tablet formulation for Metformin hydrochloride using wet granulation technique. In the present study the formulation design was employed to statistically optimize different parameters of Metformin hydrochloride tablets at different drug-to-polymer ratios employing polymers Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of two grades K4M and K100M as two independent variables whereas the dependent variables studied were X(60), X(120), T(50), T(90), n, and b values obtained from dissolution kinetics data. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out at simulated intestinal fluids, and the release showed a non-Fickian anomalous transport mechanism. The drug release was found to reveal zero order kinetics. The granules and the tablets were tested for their normal physical, morphological, and analytical parameters and were found to be within the satisfactory levels. There were no significant drug-polymer interactions as revealed by infrared spectra. It has been found out that on an optimum increased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M concentration and decreased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M concentration the formulations were elegant in terms of their release profiles and were found to be statistically significant and generable.