ABSTRACT
The present study describes palladium-catalyzed one pot Suzuki cross-coupling reaction to synthesize a series of novel pyridine derivatives 2a-2i, 4a-4i. In brief, Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-amine (1) directly or via N-[5-bromo-2-methylpyridine-3-yl]acetamide (3) with several arylboronic acids produced these novel pyridine derivatives in moderate to good yield. Density functional theory (DFT) studies were carried out for the pyridine derivatives 2a-2i and 4a-4i by using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis with the help of GAUSSIAN 09 suite programme. The frontier molecular orbitals analysis, reactivity indices, molecular electrostatic potential and dipole measurements with the help of DFT methods, described the possible reaction pathways and potential candidates as chiral dopants for liquid crystals. The anti-thrombolytic, biofilm inhibition and haemolytic activities of pyridine derivatives were also investigated. In particular, the compound 4b exhibited the highest percentage lysis value (41.32%) against clot formation in human blood among all newly synthesized compounds. In addition, the compound 4f was found to be the most potent against Escherichia coli with an inhibition value of 91.95%. The rest of the pyridine derivatives displayed moderate biological activities.
Subject(s)
Amines/chemistry , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry , Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology , Hemolysis/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Pyridines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study was designed to diagnose the prevalence of serum micronutrient deficiencies in apparently healthy preschool children in Pakistan. Children with any organic illnesses, abnormal blood parameters or genetic disorder were excluded. Amongst the studied samples, 56 % were healthy, 7 % were overweight, 7 % were obese, and 30 % were underweight. The body mass index (BMI) of female children was reduced compared to male children, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Similarly, zinc and iron deficiencies, ranging from moderate to severe, were found in 50 % and 25 % of the studied population, respectively. Copper and vitamin A concentrations were insufficient in 7 % and 25 % of the subject children, respectively. Micronutrient malnutrition is a recurrent health problem in children below the age of 5 years worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Serum micronutrient deficiencies and imbalances were more prevalent in children from rural than from urban areas.
