Maternal-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus.

Maternal-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can lead to the risk of progressive liver disease in infants, but fortunately effective interventions exist to decrease transmission. Counseling on the risk of maternal-to-child transmission, care pathways to decrease transmission, and the implications of HBV and HDV on pregnancy outcomes are the key components of caring for pregnant people living with HBV and HDV.

Understanding compassionate care from the patient perspective: Highlighting the experience of head and neck cancer care.

Objectives: To address the knowledge gap in the practice of compassionate healthcare by elucidating patient perspectives on compassion, empathy, and sympathy. Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted at two time points with patients undergoing head and neck cancer treatment. Questions explored participants' understanding of compassion, sympathy, and empathy, as they relate to each other and to healthcare. Interviewers manually recorded responses. Qualitative exploratory methods were used to analyze data; inductive line-by-line coding was conducted to develop primary codes. Themes emerged through categorization of codes. Results: Ninety-five interviews conducted with 63 participants across two time points revealed four major themes - Compassion-vs-Empathy-vs-Sympathy, Coping Methods, Showing Care, and Nature of Interaction - encompassing seven categories, with a total of 24 codes. Codes were consistent across time points, except for two new codes, "positivity" and "personalized" emerging during follow-up interviews. Conclusions: Patient narrative from this study supported the concept that compassion is multidimensional and enabled several dimensions to be identified, highlighting the importance of patient perspectives in improving the provision of compassionate healthcare. Findings should be considered in future training and practice.

The ventral pallidum as a critical region for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition of nausea-induced conditioned gaping in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Here we investigate the involvement of the ventral pallidum (VP) in the anti-nausea effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition with PF-3845, and examine the pharmacological mechanism of such an effect. We explored the potential of intra-VP PF-3845 to reduce the establishment of lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping (a model of acute nausea) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. As well, the role of the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα) in the anti-nausea effect of PF-3845 was examined. Finally, the potential of intra-VP GW7647, a PPARα agonist, to reduce acute nausea was also evaluated. Intra-VP PF-3845 dose-dependently reduced acute nausea by a PPARα mechanism (and not a CB1 receptor mechanism). Intra-VP administration of GW7647, similarly attenuated acute nausea. These findings suggest that the anti-nausea action of FAAH inhibition may occur in the VP, and may involve activation of PPARα to suppress acute nausea.