ABSTRACT
Long-term anti-epidemic and preventive measures in the areas of endemic countries in the WHO European Region in the past 30 years and researches using experimental objects could. establish the significant epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, which are influenced by the natural, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions of the area on the spread of malaria. Knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics is of importance in studying the compliance of different parasitic systems with implemented controlling and preventive measures and in preventing the consequences of importation of malaria from the endemic areas and into its eliminated ones.
Subject(s)
Climate , Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology , Plasmodium vivax , Europe , Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control , Socioeconomic Factors , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
The paper presents the epidemiological aspects of malaria and the resuits of national malaria control and elimination programs. It evaluates the efficiency of the antimalarial measures system based on the biology of vectors in the parasitic system of malaria and gives recommendations to maintain wellbeing in Tajikistan.
Subject(s)
Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology , Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Male , Tajikistan/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The specific features of the functioning of parasitic systems of tertian malaria were found in the elimination period when the number of foci and patients were drastically reduced. Despite the sporadic cases of tertian malaria, in 2009-2012 each of the 9 areas of the Kurgan Tyubin zone, Khatlon Region notified 12 of the 43 active foci with single manifestations of malaria after a long incubation period in the following spring or March-April a year later. The results of these investigations should be borne in mind when planning and implementing antimalarial measures.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology , Plasmodium vivax/physiology , Animals , Anopheles/parasitology , Female , Humans , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Malaria, Vivax/parasitology , Malaria, Vivax/physiopathology , Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification , Seasons , Tajikistan/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The highest malaria morbidity rates have been observed in the Tajikistan's Khatlon Region that is contiguous with Afghanistan. This area is notorious for its high malariogenicity ("susceptibility" according to the WHO terminology), caused by natural climatic factors, as well as a significant vulnerability associated with socioeconomic conditions (intensive migration of populations among which there are many infected subjects). In children, tropical malaria is generally characterized by an acute onset, abnormal fever, and its polymorphism of clinical manifestations that are exemplified by the lack of typical malaria paroxysms, as well as a gradual progression of parasitemia during the first malaria attacks. Recurrences are induced by ineffective treatment and chloroquine resistance in the tropical malaria pathogen. The reduction in malaria morbidity has resulted from a package of large-scale malaria-controlling measures implemented with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
Subject(s)
Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology , Malaria, Vivax/diagnosis , Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Emigration and Immigration , Fever/parasitology , Headache/parasitology , Humans , Infant , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Malaria, Vivax/drug therapy , Parasitemia/diagnosis , Parasitemia/drug therapy , Parasitemia/epidemiology , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification , Plasmodium vivax/drug effects , Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification , Recurrence , Risk Factors , Tajikistan/epidemiologyABSTRACT
There were 200-300 malaria cases registered annually in the republic up to 1992. Due to civil war, interruption of antimalarial control measures and mass returning of refugees from Afghanistan epidemiological situation deteriorated since 1994. In 1997, 29,794 malaria cases were officially registered. Estimated number of cases were 200,000-500,000. There were local transmission of falciparum malaria. Since 1998, Tadjikistan receives financial support from Japan, Italy, Norway, and technical support from WHO. National Programme of malaria control has been designed and adopted by the Government in 1997. Laboratory diagnostics of malaria was implemented. Network of special antimalarial centres were established on central, regional and district levels. Mass treatment of population with primaquine and indoor residual spaying with piretroid have been performed in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, there were 19,351 malaria cases of which 10,268 were microscopically confirmed. During 6 months of 1999 2531 malaria cases were registered, 2246 among them were microscopically confirmed.
