Early Detection and Control of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in the Aral Region: Experience of Uzbekistan.

AIM: To analyze the results of screening of the population older than 40 years for early detection of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in real clinical practice of family clinics in the Aral Sea region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of screening of the population older than 40 years were analyzed for a total of 2,430 respondents from family clinics of the district (Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Ellikkala district) according to the modified WHO PEN protocol. 1,020 of the respondents with blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg were included in the study (mean age, 57.68±8.06 years; women, 61.4%; men, 38.6%). Additionally, the following parameters were determined: salt-taste threshold using the R. Henkin method, echocardiography, ultrasonography of the brachiocephalic arteries, blood lipid spectrum, microalbuminuria, serum creatinine and uric acid. Statistical data are presented as mean±SD. The prevalence of signs in the study group was assessed using the Pearson's chi-square test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. RESULTS: Among the patients with elevated blood pressure included in the study, 24 (2.4%) were younger than 40 years, 847 (81%) were 40-65 years old, and 169 (16.6%) were older than 65 years. Low cardiovascular risk was twice more common among women compared to men: 11.3% vs. 5.6% (χ²=8.990; p=0.003); almost 75% fewer patients with ischemic heart disease, 7.4% vs. 28.9% (χ²=14.939; p=0.0001); however, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was twice higher, 13.7% vs. 7.4% (χ²=9.205; p=0.002); the female group had significantly fewer cases of postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PICS) (χ²=5.313; p=0.021). Among women, there were no tobacco users or regular alcohol drinkers whereas among men these risk factors were identified in 59.4% (χ²=178.848; p=0.0001) and 35% (χ²=82.238; p=0.0001), respectively. 85.6% of the respondents had a high salt-taste threshold, 96% had left ventricular hypertrophy, 76% had microalbuminuria, 21% had proteinuria, and 92% of both men and women had a common carotid artery intima-media thickening >0.9 mm. CONCLUSION: The study showed a broad prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the population of hypertensive patients in the Aral region, a high salt-taste threshold, and significant damages to target organs, which differed from other regions of Uzbekistan. Among hypertensive men, there was a significant prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use, and a significantly more frequent detection of ischemic heart disease, PICS and hyperuricemia compared to women; in the female population, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was significantly greater.

[Cephalometric evaluation of the effect of dynamax and monoblock appliances on vertical facial height in patients with distal malocclusion]. / Tsefalometricheskaia otsenka vliianiia s''emnykh funktsional'nykh apparatov, ispol'zuemykh pri lechenii distal'nogo prikusa, na vysotu litsa.

The most common abnormality in orthodontics is distal malocclusion. The patient will benefit more if is treated during active growth phase. Various types of functional appliances are used in order to control maxillary and mandibular growth. In this article we compared vertical changes in mandibular position as a result of 3 different distal malocclusion treatment methods. To this end, groups consisting of, 17 patients treated with dynamax appliance, 17 patients treated with Monoblock appliance, 16 patients treated with a Monoblock-Headgear combination were created. Research has shown that, treatment with removable functional appliances results in parallel downward positioning of mandible; treatment with semiremovable appliances results in backward and downward rotation of mandible and that the extraoral appliances are useless to control the lower facial height.

[Urban air pollution with heavy metals and evaluating risk for public health].

The authors presented hygienic evaluation of ambient air in various districts of Baku city with heavy metals--lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc. The metals contents of the air were assessed indirectly by their levels in soils of the areas under study. Findings are that soil levels of zinc, chromium and nickel exceeded those of the other metals by a degree. The highest levels were seen in the industrial area that can be assigned to a territory with highest risk for public health. The calculated daily doses of heavy metals inhaled by humans and levels of total daily doses inhaled by adult inhabitants could be risk factors in chronic exposure.

[Psycho-emotional state of workers engaged into chlorine and soda production through electrolysis with mercury-pool cathode].

Workers engaged into the studied production are exposed to occupational factors complex as vapor, gas and aerosol mixture. Metallic mercury vapors and its compounds exceed MAC over 10 times in this mixture, noise level at the enterprise is 10 dB over the maximal allowable level, general vibration is 8 dB over the MAL, the occupational hazards also include unfavorable microclimate, work hardiness and intensity. Psychoemotional state of the workers demonstrate significantly disordered emotions and will, premorbid personality changes, lower memory and attention level, indisposition and mood changes, increased reactive and personal anxiety, decreased performance level. Informative parameter in occupational examination of workers is memory and attention level evaluation.

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminium and indium with 2,2',3,4-tetrahydroxy-3',5'-disulphoazobenzene.

2,2',3,4-Tetrahydroxy-3',5'-disulphoazobenzene (tetrahydroxyazon 2S) has been synthesized for the first time. This reagent has been used for the spectrophotometric determination of aluminium and indium ions. The method is very sensitive and selective for the direct determination of aluminium and indium. The optimum pH and absorbance of complexes formed of tetrahydroxyazon 2S with aluminium and indium are 5; 500 nm and 495 nm for Al and In, respectively. The system obeys Beer's law at 0.05-1.6 microg mL(-1) of aluminium and 0.06-2.1 microg mL(-1) of indium concentration. The molar absorptivity is 6.42 x 10(4)L mol(-1)cm(-1) for aluminium and 7.70 x 10(4)L mol(-1)cm(-1) for indium. The molar compositions of the complexes are 1:1 at optimum conditions. Alkaline and alkaline earth elements, halogens, thiourea, ascorbic acid, Cd(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Bi(III), La(III), Si(IV) do not interfere this method. The method can be applied to the direct spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of aluminium in steel, alloys, waste water, river waters, spring water and ground water. The method was also successfully applied to the indium determination in artificial mixture.

[Occupational medicine in Azerbaijan]. / Meditsina truda v Azerbaidzhane.

The authors demonstrate contemporary state of occupational medicine in Azerbaigan, define primary tasks to improve medical and prophylactic help for workers.

[The indices of caries and dental fluorosis prevalence in schoolchildren born and permanently living in regions of Azerbaijan differing by the level of the drinking water fluorine content]. / Pokazateli porazhennosti kariesom i fliuorozom zubov shkol'nikov, rodivshikhsia i postoianno prozhivaiushchikh v razlichnykh po urovniu soderzhaniia ftora v pit'evoi vode regionakh Azerbaidzhana.

Epidemiological survey of schoolchildren born and permanently living in Baku (fluorine concentration in drinking water 0.3-0.5 mg/liter) and in the Azizbekov region at a distance of 30-40 km from Baku (fluorine concentration at least 1.5 mg/liter) was carried out. The incidence of dental diseases was estimated with consideration for environmental factors. High concentration of fluorine in drinking water in the Azizbekov region notably decreases the incidence of dental caries in the studied cohort of children. These data will"help improve organization and planning of dental service, specifically the treatment and prophylaxis measures for children.

[Heart conduction system under conditions of general anesthesia. Results of a 15-year study]. / Provodiashchaia sistema serdtsa v usloviiakh obshchei anestezii. Itogi 15-letnego issledovaniia.

Effects of 14 anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, benzodiazepines, and their combinations on the cardiac conduction system (CCS) were studied in 470 surgical patients of a general profile during operation and narcosis by transesophageal electrocardiostimulation. Interactions between components of total anesthesia can improve or suppress the intracardiac conduction. The authors classified the data on the effects of agents used for narcosis on the sinus node function and atrioventricular and anteretrograde conduction. The results will help an anesthesiologist in a differentiated approach to the choice of anesthetics for surgical patients with initially disordered CCS and heart rhythm.

[Anesthesia safety problems in general-profile surgical patients with concomitant hypertension and ischemic heart disease]. / Problemy bezopasnosti anestezii u khirurgicheskikh bol'nykh obshchego profilia s soputstvuiushchei gipertonicheskoi bolezniu i ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

The authors discuss the problems in the anesthesiological approach to surgical patients with concomitant essential hypertension and coronary disease. These patients form the high-risk group for surgery and anesthesia, and the hazard of total anesthesia consists in the actual potentiality of cardiovascular decompensation both during and after the operation. Problems in medicamentous preparation of such patients to surgery, preoperative identification of coronary disease, dynamic computer monitoring of hemodynamics, and choice of anesthesia are discussed.

[Preoperative identification of ischemic heart disease in patients with surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity]. / Predoperatsionnaia identifikatsiia ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u bol'nykh s khirurgicheskimi zabolevaniiami organov briushnoi polosti.

The authors present the results of preoperative identification of coronary diseases in patients with abdominal surgical diseases. Latent coronary diseases in surgical patients were detected by transesophageal electric stimulation (TEES) of the left atrium. Thirty-eight patients aged 46 to 82 were examined. Manifest symptoms of myocardial ischemia (changed ST segment, T wave inversion) were revealed in 47.3% patients, which is an evidence of the high resolving power of the method. Hence, noninvasive unsophisticated TEES technique is a reliable tool for identifying coronary diseases in surgical patients. The results of such examinations help adequately and purposefully prepare the patients to surgery and select the method of total anesthesia involving the minimal risk.

[Changes in central hemodynamics and the heart conduction system during total intravenous anesthesia using diprivan in extensive abdominal surgery]. / Izmeneniia tsentral'noi gemodinamiki i provodiashchei sistemy serdtsa pri total'noi vnutrivennoi anestezii s ispol'zovaniem diprivana vo vremia obshirnykh abdominal'nykh operatsii.

Diprivan was included in the multicomponent intravenous anesthesia during extensive prolonged and traumatic operations in abdominal surgery and gynecology. The investigations showed the minimal effect of anesthesia with diprivan, diazepam, and phentanyl on the central hemodynamics and conducting system of the heart. The suggested anesthetic scheme may be a method of choice in patients at a high risk of surgical anesthesiological injury.

[Work conditions and morbidity in workers of oil industry in Azerbaijan]. / Usloviia truda i zabolevaemost neftedobytchikov Azerbaidzhana.

Levels and structure of morbidity of oil-extractors working on the mainland and continental shelf in Azerhaijan were shown. Exposure to occupational and climate factors results in the high morbidity.

[Occupational morbidity of oil industry workers on the mainland and continental shelf]. / Professionalnaia zabolevaemost neftiannikov, rabotaiushchikh na materike i kontinentalnom shelfe.

Data of occupational morbidity in oil industry workers of Azerbaidjan are compared with the mean data in the country. Oil industry workers of mainland and shelf turned out to have different levels of occupational morbidity, depending also on the age and length of service.

[The primary stages of alpha-methylstyrene degradation by a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8]. / Pervichnye étapy degradatsii al'fa-metilstirola kul'turoi Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.

The transient products have been characterized of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS) degradation by P. aeruginosa st. 8 which utilizes AMS in high concentrations (2-10 g/l) as the only source of carbon and energy. The existence of two pathway of AMS catabolism has been demonstrated. The minor pathway is connected with accumulation of nonmetabolized products of an isopropenyl fragment. The main pathway leads through formation of hydroxylation products with subsequent meta-cleavage of aromatic ring. A possible participation of wide-specific meta-pyrocatechase in AMS catabolism has been discussed.

[Study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 stability during biological purification of industrial sewage from alpha-methyl styrene]. / Izuchenie stabil'nosti shtamma Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 v usloviiakh biologicheskoi ochistki promyshlennykh stochnykkh vod ot alpha-metilstirola.

The behaviour of a plasmid-carrying Pseudomonas aeruginosa DC13 strain was studied under the conditions of industrial sewage biological purification from alpha-methyl styrene. The expression of the phenotype encoded by plasmid DNA was found to be stable, and the degradation of alpha-methyl styrene was shown to be effective.