The distribution of rennet activity between the cheese aging process and whey is not influenced by the association of enzymes with caseins.

The division of rennet in cheesemaking is split between the curd and whey, influencing the taste and texture of aged cheeses. Our study aimed to examine how raising the protein concentration in reconstituted skim milk (up to 8.8 %) affects the distribution of calf rennet activity (RA) in rennet curds produced through two methods: renting only and renneting with glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) to achieve slow acidification. The distribution of rennet activity (RA) into curds increased as the concentration of skim milk rose, ranging from 8.6 % to 29.1 % without acidification, and from 6.5 % to 19.4 % when combined with slow acidification. This increase seemed to be related to the retention of moisture and protein. Surprisingly, the concentration of residual RA in the whey (measured in international milk clotting units, IMCU/mL) remained unaffected and remained consistent with the initial IMCU/mL of milk. This suggests that the division of RA between curd and whey is not influenced by the association of enzymes with caseins (CNs). Instead, it is possible that the strength of interactions between CNs themselves plays a significant role. These findings could be valuable for research focused on enhancing the cheese aging process.

Enhanced survival of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus in simulated gastrointestinal conditions using layer-by-layer encapsulation.

OBJECTIVE: The release behavior of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus from single bilayer microcapsules of alginate-chitosan (AC) and its double bilayer (ACAC) was investigated in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Methods Multilayer polyelectrolyte AC microcapsules were fabricated using the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique through electrostatic interactions. Results AC and ACAC microcapsules kept their integrity and mechanical stability in simulated gastric conditions. Bacterial cells remained inside microcapsules in SGF and dissolution of microcapsules was observed in SIF. To improve the bacterial survivability, L. rhamnosus was co-encapsulated in a double bilayer of AC hydrogels with calcium carbonate as an antacid agent. Conclusions The LbL self-assembly technology provides stable and target release for ACAC microcapsules. Therefore, the double bilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules have a remarkable potential for successful application in the targeted and controlled delivery of different probiotics and drugs.

Analysis of Dynamics Targeting CNT-Based Drug Delivery through Lung Cancer Cells: Design, Simulation, and Computational Approach.

Nowadays, carbon nano (CN) structures and specifically carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of the nanotube's nanoscale shape, are widely used in carrier and separation applications. The conjugation of CNTs with polysaccharide, proteins, drugs, and magnetic nanoparticles provides a chance for smart targeting and trajectory manipulation, which are used in the crucial field of life science applications, including for cancer disease diagnostics and treatments. Providing an optimal procedure for delivering a drug to a specific area based on mathematical criteria is key in systemic delivery design. Trajectory guidance and applied force control are the main parameters affected by systemic delivery. Moreover, a better understanding of the tissue parameters and cell membrane molecular behaviour are other factors that can be indirectly affected by the targeted delivery. Both sides are an essential part of successful targeting. The lung is one of the challenging organs for drug delivery inside the human body. It has a large surface area with a thin epithelium layer. A few severe diseases directly involve human lung cells, and optimal and successful drug delivery to the lung for the treatment procedure is vital. In this paper, we studied functionalized CNTs' targeted delivery via crossing through the lung cell membrane. Molecular dynamics (MD) software simulated all the interaction forces. Mathematical modelling of the cell membrane and proposed delivery system based on the relation of velocity and force has been considered. Dynamics equations for CNTs were defined in the time and frequency domain using control theory methods. The proposed delivery system consists of two main parts: crossing through the cell membrane and targeting inside the cell. For both steps, a mathematical model and a proper magnetic field profile have been proposed. The designed system provides criteria for crossing through the cell membrane within 30 s to 5 min and a translocation profile of 1 to 100 Å.