ABSTRACT
Bacterial infection is considered a predisposing factor for disorders of the biliary tract. This study aimed to determine the diversity of bacterial communities in bile samples and their involvement in the occurrence of biliary tract diseases. A total of 102 bile samples were collected during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Characterization of bacteria was done using culture and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and identity of the nucleotide sequences of differentiated bands from the DGGE gels was determined based on GenBank data. In total, 41.2 % (42/102) of the patients showed bacterial infection in their bile samples. This infection was detected in 21 % (4/19), 45.4 % (5/11), 53.5 % (15/28), and 54.5 % (24/44) of patients with common bile duct stone, microlithiasis, malignancy, and gallbladder stone, respectively. Escherichia coli showed a significant association with gallstones. Polymicrobial infection was detected in 48 % of the patients. While results of the culture method established coexistence of biofilm-forming bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., and Acinetobacter spp.) in different combinations, the presence of Capnocytophaga spp., Lactococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter or Citrobacter spp., Morganella spp., Salmonella spp., and Helicobacter pylori was also characterized in these samples by the PCR-DGGE method. Multidrug resistance phenotypes (87.5 %) and resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and quinolones were common in these strains, which could evolve through their selection by bile components. Ability for biofilm formation seems to be a need for polymicrobial infection in this organ.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/genetics , Bile/microbiology , Biliary Tract Diseases/microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bacteria/drug effects , Biliary Tract , Biliary Tract Diseases/surgery , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Cohort Studies , Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis , Female , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Young AdultABSTRACT
In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated H. pylori seroprevalence and the relevant factors in 1518 people aged > or = 6 years from the general population of Nahavand, western Islamic Republic of Iran. Questionnaires covering sociodemographic variables were completed by interview. Blood samples were taken from each individual. Sera were tested for anti-H. pylori IgG using commercial enzyme immunoassay. Overall, seroprevalence of H. pylori was high, 71.0% (95% CI: 69.0%-73.0%). There was a gradual increase with age. Based on multivariate adjustment, only female sex and age could be considered risk factors.
Subject(s)
Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Helicobacter Infections/blood , Helicobacter Infections/immunology , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Iran/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Population Surveillance , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated H. pylori seroprevalence and the relevant factors in 1518 people aged > /= 6 years from the general population of Nahavand, western Islamic Republic of Iran. Questionnaires covering sociodemographic variables were completed by interview. Blood samples were taken from each individual. Sera were tested for anti-H. pylori IgG using commercial enzyme immunoassay. Overall, seroprevalence of H. pylori was high, 71.0% [95% CI: 69.0%-73.0%]. There was a gradual increase with age. Based on multivariate adjustment, only female sex and age could be considered risk factors
Subject(s)
Helicobacter Infections , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Population , Surveys and Questionnaires , Immunoglobulin G , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Sex Factors , Helicobacter pyloriABSTRACT
Counselling of patients with viral hepatitis is often limited to discussions about how the virus is transmitted. The aim of the present study was to document the principal concerns of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B and C infection. The most common volunteered concerns were infecting family members (80.6%), infecting others (66.7%), side-effects of treatment (50.0%), disease progression to cirrhosis (44.4%), loss of employment (41.7%), liver transplantation (36.1%), social stigma (36.1%), change in lifestyle (33.3%), development of liver cancer (25%), costs and money (22.2%), fear of disease (5.6%) and psychological disease (5.6%). Health care providers who focus counselling efforts exclusively on viral transmission are unlikely to address other important concerns.
Subject(s)
Attitude to Health , Counseling , Hepatitis B, Chronic/psychology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/psychology , Needs Assessment/organization & administration , Adult , Cost of Illness , Counseling/organization & administration , Disease Progression , Employment/psychology , Fear , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy , Hepatitis B, Chronic/transmission , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/transmission , Humans , Iran , Life Style , Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control , Liver Neoplasms/virology , Liver Transplantation/psychology , Male , Patient Education as Topic/organization & administration , Single-Blind Method , Stereotyping , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Counselling of patients with viral hepatitis is often limited to discussions about how the virus is transmitted. The aim of the present study was to document the principal concerns of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B and C infection. The most common volunteered concerns were infecting family members [80.6%], infecting others [66.7%], side-effects of treatment [50.0%], disease progression to cirrhosis [44.4%], loss of employment [41.7%], liver transplantation [36.1%], social stigma [36.1%], change in lifestyle [33.3%], development of liver cancer [25%], costs and money [22.2%], fear of disease [5.6%] and psychological disease [5.6%]. Health care providers who focus counseling efforts exclusively on viral transmission are unlikely to address other important concerns
Subject(s)
Hepatitis C, Chronic , Employment , Counseling , Patients , Hepatitis B, ChronicABSTRACT
This study investigated the frequency of Escherichia col, Shigella and Salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in Hamedan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. From 144 samples, Shigella strains were isolated in 17 cases (11.8%): 10 Sh. flexneri, 3 Sh. sonnei, 2 Sh. boydii and 2 untyped strains. No Salmonella strains were isolated. Using molecular diagnostic methods, diarrheogenic E. coli were detected in 37 cases (25.7%), the majority were enterotoxigenic (ETEC) (22 cases) and Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) strains (15 cases). In 14 cases (9.7%) there was co-infection.
Subject(s)
Diarrhea , Dysentery, Bacillary/complications , Escherichia coli Infections/complications , Salmonella Infections/complications , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Community Health Centers/statistics & numerical data , Comorbidity , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli O157/genetics , Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification , Female , Humans , Infant , Iran/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Serotyping , Sex Distribution , Shigella boydii/genetics , Shigella boydii/isolation & purification , Shigella flexneri/genetics , Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification , Shigella sonnei/genetics , Shigella sonnei/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
This study investigated the frequency of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in Hamedan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. From 144 samples, Shigella strains were isolated in 17 cases [11.8%]: 10 Sh. flexneri, 3 Sh. sonnei, 2 Sh. boydii and 2 untyped strains. No Salmonella strains were isolated. Using molecular diagnostic methods, diarrheogenic E. coli were detected in 37 cases [25.7%], the majority were enterotoxigenic [ETEC] [22 cases] and Shiga toxin- producing [STEC] strains [15 cases]. In 14 cases [9.7%] there was co- infection
Subject(s)
Diarrhea , Escherichia coli , Shigella , Salmonella typhi , Feces , Culture Media , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires a good host immune response. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) may play a role in such immune response. Genetic changes in TNF-a gene promoter region are known to influence TNF- alpha expression. We therefore studied the role of one such mutation in chronic HBV infection. METHODS: Presence of -308 G/A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF- alpha gene was looked for in 100 patients with chronic HBV infection, 91 subjects with spontaneously recovered HBV infection and 89 healthy controls, using a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: Variant alleles (A/A or A/G) were found in 22 of 100 (22%) patients with chronic HBV infection, 21 of 91 (23%) subjects with spontaneous HBV clearance and 14 of 89 (15.7%) control subjects (p=ns for inter-group comparisons). CONCLUSION: TNF- alpha promoter polymorphism -308A is common in Iranian population, but has no association with development of chronic HBV infection.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Alleles , Chi-Square Distribution , Gene Frequency , Humans , Iran , Promoter Regions, Genetic/geneticsABSTRACT
We determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand in a sample of 1824 subjects > 5 years in 2002. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and blood samples taken. The association between risk factor and hepatitis B was assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence of HBsAg positive cases was 2.3%, and HBcAb and HBsAb were isolated in 7.8% and 11.6% of the participants respectively; 11.9% were positive for both HBcAb and HBsAb. History of surgery and imprisonment were the major risk factors for infection with odds ratios of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.22-3.05) and 3.57 (95% CI: 1.68-5.4) respectively.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/immunology , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B Core Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Population Surveillance , Prisoners/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Distribution , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Vaccination/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
We determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand in a sample of 1824 subjects > 5 years in 2002. Face- to- face interviews were conducted and blood samples taken. The association between risk factor and hepatitis B was assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence of HbsAg positive cases was 2.3%, and HBcAb and HBsAb were isolated in 7.8% and 11.6% of the participants respectively; 11.9% were positive for both HBcAb and HBsAb. History of surgery and imprisonment were the major risk factors for infection with odds ratios of 2.14 [95% CI: 1.22- 3.05] and 3.57 [95% CI: 1.68- 5.4] respectively