ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by hippocampal, and cortical neuron deterioration, oxidative stress, and severe cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum is a neurotoxin inducer for cognitive impairments associated with AD. The treatment approaches for AD are unsatisfactory. Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum are known for their pharmacological assets, including antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study explored the possible mitigating effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD. The AD model was established using AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), and the rats were orally administrated with Boswellia papyrifera or Syzygium aromaticum or a combination of them daily for 8 weeks. The Y-maze test was used to test cognition in the rats, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative stress markers were estimated in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus were investigated. The results revealed that administration of either B. papyrifera or S. aromaticum extracts significantly improved the cognitive functions of AD rats, enhanced AChE levels, increased oxidative enzymes levels, including SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and confirmed by improvement in histological examination. However, using a combination therapy gave better results compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the present study provided primary evidence for using a combination of B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum to treat cognitive dysfunction associated with AlCl3 Induced AD by improving the AChE levels and modulating oxidative stress in the brain.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Boswellia , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Neuroprotective Agents , Syzygium , Male , Rats , Animals , Aluminum Chloride/toxicity , Aluminum Chloride/therapeutic use , Alzheimer Disease/chemically induced , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Syzygium/metabolism , Boswellia/metabolism , Aluminum Compounds/toxicity , Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use , Chlorides/toxicity , Chlorides/therapeutic use , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy , Rats, Wistar , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by hippocampal, and cortical neuron deterioration, oxidative stress, and severe cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum is a neurotoxin inducer for cognitive impairments associated with AD. The treatment approaches for AD are unsatisfactory. Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum are known for their pharmacological assets, including antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study explored the possible mitigating effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD. The AD model was established using AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), and the rats were orally administrated with Boswellia papyrifera or Syzygium aromaticum or a combination of them daily for 8 weeks. The Y-maze test was used to test cognition in the rats, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative stress markers were estimated in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus were investigated. The results revealed that administration of either B. papyrifera or S. aromaticum extracts significantly improved the cognitive functions of AD rats, enhanced AChE levels, increased oxidative enzymes levels, including SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and confirmed by improvement in histological examination. However, using a combination therapy gave better results compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the present study provided primary evidence for using a combination of B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum to treat cognitive dysfunction associated with AlCl3 Induced AD by improving the AChE levels and modulating oxidative stress in the brain.
Resumo A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a doença neurodegenerativa mais comum, caracterizada por hipocampo, deterioração dos neurônios corticais, estresse oxidativo e disfunção cognitiva grave. O alumínio é um indutor de neurotoxinas para deficiências cognitivas associadas à DA. As abordagens de tratamento para DA são insatisfatórias. Boswellia papyrifera e Syzygium aromaticum são conhecidos por seus ativos farmacológicos, incluindo atividade antioxidante. Portanto, o presente estudo explorou os possíveis efeitos atenuantes de uma combinação de Boswellia papyrifera e Syzygium aromaticum contra a DA induzida por cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3). O modelo DA foi estabelecido usando AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), e os ratos foram administrados por via oral com Boswellia papyrifera ou Syzygium aromaticum ou uma combinação deles diariamente por 8 semanas. O teste do labirinto em Y foi usado para testar a cognição nos ratos, enquanto a acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e marcadores de estresse oxidativo foram estimados em homogeneizados do córtex cerebral e hipocampo. Além disso, o exame histopatológico do córtex e hipocampo foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram que a administração de extratos de B. papyrifera ou S. aromaticum melhorou significativamente as funções cognitivas de ratos com DA, aumentou os níveis de AChE, aumentou os níveis de enzimas oxidativas, incluindo SOD e GSH, e reduziu os níveis de MDA em homogeneizados do córtex cerebral e hipocampo e confirmado pela melhora no exame histológico. No entanto, o uso de uma terapia combinada apresentou melhores resultados em comparação com um único tratamento. Em conclusão, o presente estudo forneceu evidências primárias para o uso de uma combinação de B. papyrifera e S. aromaticum para tratar a disfunção cognitiva associada à DA induzida por AlCl3, melhorando os níveis de AChE e modulando o estresse oxidativo no cérebro.