Comprehensive Study and Design of Graphene Transistor.

Graphene, renowned for its exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, takes center stage in the realm of next-generation electronics. In this paper, we provide a thorough investigation into the comprehensive fabrication process of graphene field-effect transistors. Recognizing the pivotal role graphene quality plays in determining device performance, we explore many techniques and metrological methods to assess and ensure the superior quality of graphene layers. In addition, we delve into the intricate nuances of doping graphene and examine its effects on electronic properties. We uncover the transformative impact these dopants have on the charge carrier concentration, bandgap, and overall device performance. By amalgamating these critical facets of graphene field-effect transistors fabrication and analysis, this study offers a holistic understanding for researchers and engineers aiming to optimize the performance of graphene-based electronic devices.

Preliminary report on embolization with quick-soluble gelatin sponge particles for angiographically negative acute gastrointestinal bleeding.

Prophylactic embolization is usually performed using gelatin sponge particles, which are absorbed within several weeks, for managing angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with quick-soluble gelatin sponge particles (QS-GSP) that dissolve in less than 4 h for treating angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. We included ten patients (M:F = 7:3; mean age, 64.3 years) who underwent prophylactic TAE with QS-GSP for angiographically negative acute gastrointestinal bleeding between 2021 and 2023. The technical success rate of TAE, clinical outcomes focusing on rebleeding, and procedure-related complications were evaluated. The embolized arteries were the gastroduodenal (n = 3), jejunal (n = 4), and ileal (n = 3) arteries. QS-GSP (150-350 µm or 350-560 µm) were used alone (n = 8) or in combination with a coil (n = 1). A 100% technical success rate was accomplished. In 1 patient (10%), rebleeding occurred 2 days after prophylactic TAE of the gastroduodenal artery, and this was managed by repeat TAE. There were no procedure-related complications. The use of QS-GSP for prophylactic TAE appears to be safe and effective for controlling bleeding among patients with angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. There were no cases of related ischemic complications of the embolized bowels likely attributable to recanalization of the affected arteries following biodegradation of QS-GSP.

Preparedness of Citizens in Al-Madinah City to Deliver Seizure First Aid Measures.

Introduction Epilepsy is a neurologic disease that causes a predisposition to recurrent seizure attacks. It affects a large number of people around the world and in Saudi Arabia. Seizures can be a source of distress for both the affected person and those witnessing them. Thus, being able to deliver first aid is important, as it improves safety and decreases the burden of visits to the emergency room that are unnecessary, since many attacks of seizure can be managed in the community. Weak knowledge regarding seizure first aid measures is reported many times across Saudi Arabia, with a high prevalence of misconceptions. Methods This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, utilizing a questionnaire-based approach. The data was collected from a sample of 1871 individuals residing in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire and ensured anonymity. The questionnaire used in this study was previously validated and used in another study. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the data, and Chi-square test was employed to establish the association between sociodemographic data and knowledge of seizure first aid. Results Most of the participants were females (70.0%, N=1310), and the majority (76.1%, N=1423) fell within the 18-30 age group. A high percentage were single (71.6%, N=1339), college graduates (64.3%, N=1201), and unemployed (58.7%, N=1099). The study results revealed that 31.9% (N=597) had a good knowledge level of epilepsy, while 68.1% (N=1274) had poor knowledge. Nearly half (48.4%, N=905) believed that epilepsy was caused by genetic factors, and 61.4% (N=1149) of the respondents reported loss of consciousness as the most common clinical symptom of epilepsy. With regards to correct action during seizures, 48.0% (N=899) knew to place the patient on their side, and 85.0% (N=1591) thought calling 997 ("the ambulance") was necessary if seizures lasted over five minutes. The study showed a statistically significant association between the level of education, employment, and knowledge of epilepsy first aid management (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). However, no significant associations were found between gender, age, marital status, and knowledge of epilepsy first aid management (p>0.005). Conclusion The study unveiled poor overall epilepsy knowledge among Al-Madinah City residents, with only 31.9% (N=597) demonstrating good knowledge. This indicates the community's limited ability to respond to seizures. Most citizens were unfamiliar with seizure first-aid, lacking the capability to provide assistance. A significant association was found between education, employment, and epilepsy first aid knowledge. Respondents with higher education had better epilepsy knowledge. Attending epilepsy education courses is vital for enhancing overall awareness and readiness to provide seizure first aid.

Medication Adherence Status and Its Association With Quality of Life Among Individuals With Neurological Conditions in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic disorders commonly require long-term therapies. Medication non-adherence can cause major morbidity and mortality in chronic illness individuals, as well as increase the financial burden on the healthcare system. It is considered that patients who adhere to their treatment may improve their quality of life (QoL). There is a scarcity of updated comprehensive data on medication adherence among Saudi patients with neurological disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the medication adherence status among individuals with neurological conditions and its association with QoL. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted. The study included subjects individuals who have neurological conditions aged at least 18 from different regions of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire measured medication adherence by using the 10-item version of the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-10, ©Professor Rob Horne). The QoL was measured by employing validated Euro Quality of Life 5-dimension scale (EQ-5D). RESULTS: A total of 370 participants were included. Respondents aged 18 to 35 years represented 62.4% of the sample. More than half of the participants were females (65.7%). The most frequently reported chronic conditions were migraine (29.2%), epilepsy (20.8%), and multiple sclerosis (20.5%). The reliability of the EQ-5D questionnaire was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.764). In general, more than half of the participants indicated that had problems due to pain/discomfort (60.3%) and anxiety/depression (62.2%). The most common pattern of non-adherence was taking the medication only when a patient needed it followed by avoiding taking the medication as possible. Non-adherence to medications was less prevalent among participants with epilepsy (68.8%) and multiple sclerosis (65.8%). On the other hand, medication adherence was higher among respondents with migraine compared to participants without the condition (86.1% vs 73.7%, p = 0.009). A significantly lower proportion of participants who had some or extreme problems with self-care were non-adherent to medications compared to those who had no problems (68.1% vs 80.3%, respectively, p = 0.016). Results of the regression analysis showed that participants with epilepsy and multiple sclerosis were less likely to be non-adherence to medications. Furthermore, respondents with moderate and severe problems in self-care were less likely to be non-adherent. CONCLUSION: It was found that more than half of the participants had problems regarding their QoL due to pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The most prevalent pattern of non-adherence was taking the medication only when needed. Participants with epilepsy and multiple sclerosis were less likely to be non-adherent to medications. Furthermore, respondents with moderate and severe problems in self-care were less likely to be non-adherent. We recommend serial studies on the issue should be conducted to gather more evidence regarding this topic.

Predictive Factors and Interventional Modalities of Post-stroke Motor Recovery: An Overview.

Stroke is the most common cause of motor impairment worldwide. Therefore, many factors are being investigated for their predictive and facilitatory effects on recovery of motor function after stroke. Motor recovery can be predicted through several factors, such as clinical assessment, clinical biomarkers, and gene-based variations. As for interventions, many methods are under experimental investigation that aim to improve motor recovery, including different types of pharmacological interventions, non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training by inducing cortical reorganization, neuroplasticity, angiogenesis, changing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, and altering the inflammatory and apoptotic processes occurring after stroke. Studies have shown that clinical biomarkers combined with clinical assessment and gene-based variations are reliable factors for predicting motor recovery after stroke. Moreover, different types of interventions such as pharmacological agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors {SSRI}, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors {NARIs}, levodopa, and amphetamine), non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training have shown significant results in improving functional and motor recovery.