Current and future genomic applications for surgeons.

Genomics is a crucial part of managing surgical disease. This review focuses on some of the genomic advances that are available now and looks to the future of their application in surgical practice. Whole-genome sequencing enables unbiased coverage across the entire human genome of approximately three billion base pairs. Newer technologies, such as those that permit long-read sequence analysis, provide additional information in longer phased fragment and base pair epigenomic (methylomic) data. Whole-genome sequencing is currently available in England for cancers in children, teenagers and young adults, central nervous system tumours, sarcoma and haematological malignancies. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), immunotherapy and pharmacogenomics have emerged as groundbreaking approaches in the field of cancer treatment. These are now revolutionising the way oncologists and surgeons approach curative cancer surgery. Cancer vaccines offer an innovative approach to reducing recurrence after surgery by priming the immune system to trigger an immune response. The Cancer Vaccine Launch Pad project facilitates cancer vaccine studies in England. The BNT122-01 trial is recruiting patients with ctDNA-positive high-risk colorectal cancer after surgery to assess the impact of cancer vaccines. The evolving landscape of cancer treatment demands a dynamic and integrated approach from the surgical multidisciplinary team. Immunotherapy, ctDNA, pharmacogenomics, vaccines, mainstreaming and whole-genome sequencing are just some of the innovations that have the potential to redefine the standards of care. The continued exploration of these innovative diagnostics and therapies, the genomic pathway evolution and their application in diverse cancer types highlights the transformative impact of precision medicine in surgery.

Severe hepatotoxicity associated with bromfenac sodium.

Subacute hepatitis and liver failure occurred in a 40-yr-old woman following a 1-month course of treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug bromfenac. Serologies for hepatitis A, B, and C were negative, as were antinuclear antibodies and ceruloplasmin. A transjugular liver biopsy demonstrated submassive hepatic necrosis. The clinical course was complicated by encephalopathy, fluid retention, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, prompting consideration for liver transplantation. With supportive measures, jaundice and fluid retention resolved over a 3-month period. We conclude that prolonged use of bromfenac was the etiological agent in this case, and that this drug can cause severe hepatotoxicity resulting in liver failure.