ABSTRACT
Fourteen university, government, and industrial laboratories prepared a total of twenty pairs of single-layer titanium dioxide films. Several laboratories analyzed the coatings to determine their optical properties, thickness, surface roughness, absorption, wetting contact angle, and crystalline structure. Wide variations were found in the optical and physical properties of the films, even among films produced by nominally the same deposition techniques.
ABSTRACT
A system is described for the stabilization and evacuation of the critically ill in South Australia, with a discussion of experience in 278 patients. The integration of activities of peripheral medical practitioners, major teaching hospitals, and the ambulance transport authority (St John Ambulance Council) is paramount. Modes of communication are by "urgent line" telephone and radio. Advanced life-support equipment is portable, may be placed in any ambulance vehicle, and is used and maintained principally by the staff of intensive care units. The design characteristics of a suitable road vehicle and fixed-wing aircraft are considered, with emphasis on dimensions for the particular needs of advanced life-support. The cost of transporting such a patient is approximately two-thirds of an average bed day cost in a public hospital, plus the basic ambulance charge. The number of patients who need such measures is 0.2% of the total number of patients carried by ambulance per annum.
Subject(s)
Critical Care , Transportation of Patients , Adolescent , Adult , Aircraft , Ambulances , Australia , Child, Preschool , Communication , Costs and Cost Analysis , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine/instrumentation , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PregnancySubject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation , Halothane , Infusions, Parenteral , Blood Transfusion , Child , Humans , Infant , Parenteral NutritionSubject(s)
Epiglottis , Intubation, Intratracheal , Laryngitis/surgery , Anesthesia, Inhalation , Bacteriological Techniques , Child , Child, Preschool , Haemophilus , Haemophilus influenzae , Humans , Laryngitis/etiology , Laryngitis/therapy , Length of Stay , Nose , Staphylococcal Infections , Streptococcal Infections , Streptococcus pyogenes , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Anesthesia , Hemorrhage/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Tonsillectomy , Anesthesia, Inhalation , Bis-Trimethylammonium Compounds/administration & dosage , Blood Transfusion , Ethyl Ethers , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hemorrhage/therapy , Hemostasis , Intubation, Intratracheal , Methods , Nitrous Oxide , Oxygen , Postoperative CareSubject(s)
Anesthesia , Pyloric Stenosis/congenital , Anesthesia, Inhalation , Body Temperature , Dehydration/diagnosis , Dehydration/therapy , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infusions, Parenteral , Intubation, Intratracheal , Male , Postoperative Care , Preanesthetic Medication , Pyloric Stenosis/diagnosis , Pyloric Stenosis/surgerySubject(s)
Airway Obstruction/therapy , Intubation, Intratracheal , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Airway Obstruction/surgery , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Intubation, Intratracheal/mortality , Male , Nursing Care , Physical Therapy Modalities , Respiratory Insufficiency/surgery , Tracheal Stenosis/etiology , TracheotomyABSTRACT
The ability to maintain energy balance is a vital factor in maintaining body composition. A negative energy balance requires that body tissue be consumed to sustain biochemical and physiological activity. Such a caloric imbalance coupled with reduced physical activity results in (among other things): a negative balance which can not be reversed by increased protein intake; negative balances for electrolytes; and a suspension of erythrocyte production. Body weight losses were experienced by all astronauts during Gemini and Apollo missions. Data on the magnitude of the changes, together with data on energy consumption, were used to calculate energy imbalances. These data, when compared with results obtained from precise energy balance measurements made on 64 men living in low pressure chambers, show close correlation. When energy requirements are expressed in kilocalories per kilogram of body weight, the difference in energy requirements among the astronauts and chamber subjects was small and not statistically significant. These data indicated that reliable prediction of energy needs for astronauts, during long-term space missions, can be made by studying either the astronauts or healthy subjects in a ground-based environment similar to that of the spacecraft. These data also indicate that changes in body weight and certain other body measurements detected during Gemini and Apollo missions were probably caused, at least in part, by a calorie deficit.
