ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is activated at sites of inflammation in many diseases, including periodontitis. Nuclear factor-κB induces the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Recently, it has been shown that the NF-κB alternative pathway is important for maintainance of physiological bone homeostasis. Activation of this pathway is by processing of the inhibitor p100 into the active subunit p52 by nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). Defective NIK in aly/aly mice (NIK(aly)) causes mild osteopetrosis and blunted RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that NIK is necessary for basal and stimulated osteoclastogenesis. Nevertheless, the role of NIK in pathological bone resorption is not well investigated. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of NIK in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory bone resorption using aly/aly mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mice were injected with LPS over the calvariae and killed 5 d later. Calvariae were subjected to radiological analysis. Histological sections were stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and histomorphometric analysis was performed to quantify the number of osteoclasts and the area of bone resorption. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was observed in wild-type and aly/+ mice but not in aly/aly mice. Lipopolysaccharide significantly reduced the calvarial bone mineral density in wild-type and aly/+ mice, whereas bone mineral density was comparable in LPS- and vehicle-injected aly/aly mice. In addition, aly/aly mice were resistant to LPS-induced bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data show that NIK is important in the bone-destructive components of inflammation and represents a possible therapeutic target.
Subject(s)
Bone Resorption/etiology , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/physiology , NF-kappa B/physiology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology , Acid Phosphatase/analysis , Animals , Biomarkers/analysis , Bone Density/drug effects , Bone Resorption/pathology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Isoenzymes/analysis , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred Strains , Mice, Mutant Strains , Osteitis/etiology , Osteitis/pathology , Osteoclasts/drug effects , Osteoclasts/pathology , Skull/drug effects , Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , NF-kappaB-Inducing KinaseABSTRACT
NF-kappaB is a pleiotropic transcription factor, which regulates osteoclast formation, function, and survival. The finding that the deletion of both NF-kappaB p50 and p52 subunits resulted in osteopetrosis due to the absence of osteoclasts was followed by the observation that NF-kappaB is essential for RANK-expressing osteoclast precursors to differentiate into TRAP+ osteoclasts in response to RANKL and other osteoclastogenic cytokines. Thus, inhibitors of NF-kappaB should prevent osteoclast formation induced directly or indirectly by RANKL or TNF. In this mini review, we discuss the research findings that revealed essential roles of NF-kappaB signaling in osteoclasts.
