Treatment modification patterns of glucose-lowering agents in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective real-world data analysis.

AIM: The growing number of antidiabetics has broadened therapeutic options, leading to heterogeneity in prescribing patterns. Studies identifying antidiabetics modification patterns are lacking in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe modification patterns in Saudi patients. METHODS: Patients ≥ 18 years old with at least one antidiabetic between 2016 and 2022 were included. Follow-up started from the earliest to the last prescription.Two modification types were evaluated: "add-on," prescribing new antidiabetics within a treatment episode, and "switching", starting a new treatment episode after the preceding ends. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize patients and estimate events proportions. RESULTS: Of 122,291 patients, 47.2 % had treatment interruption or modification, totaling 303,781 events. Interruptions accounted for 54 %, add-on for 11 %, and switching for 35 %. The median time to first event was 159 days. The most add-on included dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4) inhibitors to biguanide and sulfonylurea (8 %), and sulfonylurea to biguanide (8 %). Among 106,405 switching events, 23 % shifted from dual to monotherapy and 17 % from monotherapy to dual therapy. CONCLUSION: Nearly half of patients experienced modifications or interruptions, with notable shifts between monotherapies and dual therapies. These findings highlight the evolving landscape of treatment patterns in Saudi Arabia and guide future research and decision-making.

Real-World Evidence on Levetiracetam-Induced Hypokalemia: An Active Comparator Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Levetiracetam is an anti-seizure medication (ASM) with an established safety profile. However, a potential safety signal of hypokalemia following levetiracetam use was published in the World Health Organization newsletter. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible causal association between the use of levetiracetam and the development of hypokalemia. METHOD: This was a new-user, active-comparator retrospective cohort study using Real-world Evidence Research Network data at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority from 2016 to 2022. Adults (≥ 18 years old) with an incident prescription for either levetiracetam or carbamazepine were followed for up to 6 months from the prescription date. Hypokalemia was ascertained by using diagnostic code (i.e., E87.6) or by serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. A Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weight, was fitted to compare the hazard of hypokalemia between levetiracetam and carbamazepine exposed patients. RESULTS: A total of 8,982 patients entered the study cohort. The incidence rate of hypokalemia was 303 cases per 10,000 patient-years in the levetiracetam-exposed cohort compared to 57 cases per 10,000 patient-years among carbamazepine users. Compared to carbamazepine users, patients exposed to levetiracetam had an adjusted hazard ratio related to induced hypokalemia of 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.88-4.49). Results of sensitivity analyses were comparable to the main analysis. CONCLUSION: The hazard ratio for hypokalemia with the use of levetiracetam versus carbamazepine was statistically comparable. However, the potential association between levetiracetam use and hypokalemia cannot be ruled out given the elevated hazard ratios from the main and sensitivity analyses. Further studies may provide a more precise assessment of this association.

Bioequivalence trials for the approval of generic drugs in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive analysis of design aspects.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective analysis aimed to comprehensively review the design and regulatory aspects of bioequivalence trials submitted to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) since 2017. METHODS: This was a retrospective, comprehensive analysis study. The Data extracted from the SFDA bioequivalence assessment reports were analyzed for reviewing the overall design and regulatory aspects of the successful bioequivalence trials, exploring the impact of the coefficient of variation of within-subject variability (CVw) on some design aspects, and providing an in-depth assessment of bioequivalence trial submissions that were deemed insufficient in demonstrating bioequivalence. RESULTS: A total of 590 bioequivalence trials were included of which 521 demonstrated bioequivalence (440 single active pharmaceutical ingredients [APIs] and 81 fixed combinations). Most of the successful trials were for cardiovascular drugs (84 out of 521 [16.1%]), and the 2 × 2 crossover design was used in 455 (87.3%) trials. The sample size tended to increase with the increase in the CVw in trials of single APIs. Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II and IV drugs accounted for the majority of highly variable drugs (58 out of 82 [70.7%]) in the study. Most of the 51 rejected trials were rejected due to concerns related to the study center (n = 21 [41.2%]). CONCLUSION: This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the regulatory and design aspects of bioequivalence trials and can inform future research and assist in identifying opportunities for improvement in conducting bioequivalence trials in Saudi Arabia.

Reflections on the Saudi FDA Regulatory Experience with Smart GxP Inspections.

Smart GxP inspections have gained increasing attention due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which, understandably, made it challenging for regulatory authorities to conduct on-site inspections. Smart GxP inspections are an oversight approach developed by the SFDA to enable remote compliance assessments of establishments. In this type of inspection, appropriate technical methods and tools (such as livestreaming video) are used without requiring the presence of inspectors onsite, ensuring efficient utilization of resources and the efficiency of inspection process. The objective of this research is to examine and document the shared encounters involving remote inspections and evaluations carried out by SFDA from 2020 to 2022. This will be achieved through the evaluation of the accuracy of document evaluation and the extent to which the objectives of smart GxP inspections were met. Data were collected from local and international smart inspections reports conducted by SFDA between 2020 and 2022, covering medical device manufacturers, pharmaceutical manufacturing sites, warehouses, accreditation offices, scientific offices, and food manufacturing facilities. The results indicate that smart GxP inspections were effective in achieving visit objectives, showing a high degree of document evaluation accuracy. The findings of this study support the use of smart GxP inspections as a valuable alternative to on-site inspections, offering a practical solution to regulatory compliance during the pandemic and beyond. Although the SFDA recognizes the usefulness of smart inspections in upholding regulatory oversight in the face of various challenges, it does not endorse the complete replacement of conventional on-site inspection methods. The SFDA acknowledges significant limitations associated with the current technological resources used in remote regulatory assessments, and these limitations will be explored in the relevant sections.

Real-world analysis of integration of sacubitril/valsartan into clinical practice in Saudi Arabia.

Despite the demonstrated advantages of angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors in the management of heart failure, the pivotal Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial, which explored this class of medications, did not include individuals from Saudi Arabia. Recognizing that different nations and ethnic groups may exhibit unique characteristics, this study aimed to compare the demographics and outcomes of patients in Saudi Arabia who received sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) with those enrolled in the PARADIGM-HF trial. In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we included all adult patients diagnosed with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) within a tertiary healthcare system in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and December 2021 and were initiated on Sac/Val. The primary objective was to compare the patient characteristics of those initiating Sac/Val treatment with the participants in the PARADIGM-HF trial. The secondary endpoints included the initiation setting, dose initiation, and titration, as well as alterations in B-type natriuretic peptide and ejection fraction at the 6-month mark. Furthermore, we reported the hospitalization and mortality event rates at the 12-month time point. The study included 400 patients with HFrEF receiving Sac/Val. Compared with the PARADIGM-HF trial, the cohort had a younger mean age and a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus. SAC/VAL was prescribed as the initial therapy for 34% of the patients, while the remaining participants were initially treated with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker before transitioning to Sac/Val. Approximately 75% of patients were initiated on 100 mg Sac/Val twice daily, and 90% initiated therapy in the inpatient setting. The mean ejection fraction significantly improved from 26.5 ±â€…8.4% to 30.5 ±â€…6.4% at 6 months (P < .001), while the median B-type natriuretic peptide level change was not significant (P = .39). Our study revealed notable disparities in the baseline characteristics of patients with HFrEF compared with those in the PARADIGM-HF trial. These findings offer valuable real-world insights into the prescription patterns and outcomes of Sac/Val in patients with HFrEF in Saudi Arabia, an aspect not previously represented in the PARADIGM-HF study.

The association between drug pricing and drug shortage in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective database analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that drug pricing could contribute to drug shortages; however, there is limited quantitative assessment of this potential causal association. This retrospective database analysis aimed to investigate the association between drug prices and drug shortage incidents in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This was a retrospective database analysis study. Drugs with shortage notifications sent to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) between January 2017 and December 2020 were included. Each drug's foreign-to-Saudi price ratio (FTSPR) was calculated by dividing the mean international price by the Saudi price. Drugs were categorized into three groups based on their FTSPR: Group 1 (FTSPR > 1), Group 2 (FTSPR = 1), and Group 3 (FTSPR < 1). The primary outcome was the ratio of mean counts (mCR) between the three groups, with Group 3 serving as the control group. The analysis was adjusted for the measured confounders using a negative binomial regression model. RESULTS: A total of 900 drugs were included in the study, with 348 in Group 1, 345 in Group 2, and 209 in Group 3. The mean count in Group 1 was higher compared to Group 3 (mCR: 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24 to 2.83), while the mean counts between Group 2 and Group 3 were comparable (mCR: 1.39; 95% CI 0.92 to 2.09). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate an association between drug shortage incidents and higher prices of drugs outside Saudi Arabia. Further studies are needed to explore this causal relationship in different contexts.

Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS): Evaluation of 31 years of reports and pandemics' impact.

Background: Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) was established in the United States (U.S.) as an early warning system with a main purpose of collecting post-marketing Adverse events following immunizations (AEFIs) reports to monitor the vaccine safety and to mitigate the risks from vaccines. During the coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, VAERS got more attention as its important role in monitoring the safety of the vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate VAERS patterns, reported AEFI, vaccines, and impact of different pandemics since its inception. Methods: This was an observational study using VARES data from 2/7/1990 to 12/11/2021. Patterns of reports over years were first described, followed by a comparison of reports statistics per year. Furthermore, a comparison of incidents (death, ER visits, etc.) statistics over years, in addition to statistics of each vaccine were calculated. Moreover, each incident's statistics for each vaccine were calculated and top vaccines were reported. All analyses were conducted using R (Version 1.4.1717) and Excel for Microsoft 365. Results: There were 1,396,280 domestic and 346,210 non-domestic reports during 1990-2021, including 228 vaccines. For both domestic and non-domestic reports, year of 2021 had the highest reporting rate (48.52 % and 70.33 %), in addition a notable change in AEFIs patterns were recorded during 1991, 1998, 2000, 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2017. AEFIs were as follow: deaths (1.00 % and 4.08 %), ER or doctor visits (13.37 % and 2.27 %), hospitalizations (5.84 % and 27.78 %), lethal threat (1.42 % and 4.38 %), and disabilities (1.4 % and 7.96 %). Pyrexia was the top reported symptom during the past 31 years, except for 2021 where headache was the top one. COVID-19 vaccines namely Moderna, Pfizer-Biontech, and Janssen were the top 3 reported vaccines with headache, pyrexia, and fatigue as the top associated AEFIs. Followed by Zoster, Seasonal Influenza, Pneumococcal, and Human papillomavirus vaccines. Conclusions: The large data available in VARES make it a useful tool for detecting and monitoring vaccine AEFIs. However, its usability relies on understating the limitations of this surveillance system, the impact of governmental regulations, availability of vaccines, and public health recommendations on the reporting rate.