ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases. Although Mexico is one of the Latin American countries with the largest contribution to these statistics, there are few reports that describe the genotypic characteristics of TB. The aim of this study was to use the MIRU-VNTR-24 loci to analyze the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis circulating in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. METHODS: Here, we analyze by MIRU-VNTR-24 loci 80 clinical isolates from individuals with confirmed TB from Veracruz México, also clinical and epidemiological variables were recovered and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the individuals included in the analyses 65% were from men with an average age of 42 (± 17) years, 17% and 6% were drug and multi-drug resistant. 88% of the isolates were included in 20 clusters, of which 52% were classified into twelve orphan clusters and the remaining 37% were distributed among eight lineages: LAM (10%), EAI (9%), Haarlem (8%), H37Rv (4%), S (4%) and TUR (2%). CONCLUSION: An important diversity of lineages and unknown genotypes was identified; however, more studies are necessary in order to understand the characteristics of the genotypes displayed in the region. There is no doubt regarding the need for a molecular epidemiological surveillance system that can help to evaluate the dynamics of genotypes circulating in the country and support strategies for the prevention and management of populations affected by TB.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Minisatellite Repeats , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tuberculosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Ethambutol inhibits arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis in mycobacteria. The occurrence of mutations in embB codon 306 in ethambutol-susceptible isolates and their absence in resistant isolates has raised questions regarding the utility of this codon as a potential marker for resistance against ethambutol. The characterization of mutations on embB 306 will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to this drug; therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between embB 306 mutations and first-line drug resistance profiles in tuberculosis isolates. We sequenced the region surrounding the embB 306 codon in 175 tuberculosis clinical isolates, divided according to drug sensitivity, in three groups: 110 were resistant to at least one first-line drug, of which 61 were resistant to ethambutol (EMB(r)), 49 were sensitive to ethambutol (EMB(s)) but were resistant to another drug, and 65 were pansensitive isolates (P(s)). The associations between embB 306 mutations and phenotypic resistance to all first-line drugs were determined, and their validity and safety as a diagnostic marker were assessed. One of the P(s) isolates (1/65), one of the EMB(s) isolates (1/49), and 20 of the EMB(r) isolates (20/61) presented with an embB 306 mutation. Four different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at embB 306 were associated with simultaneous resistance to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin (odds ratio [OR], 17.7; confidence interval [CI], 5.6 to 56.1) and showed a positive predictive value of 82%, with a specificity of 97% for diagnosing multidrug resistance associated with ethambutol, indicating its potential as a molecular marker for several drugs.
