Laboratory animal: biological reagent or living being?

The duties of humans toward non-human animals and their rights in society have been debated for a long time. However, a discussion on the terminology used for the identification of laboratory animals is usually not considered, although the employment of inadequate terminology may generate disastrous consequences for the animals before, during, and after the experiment. This study intends to defend the use of appropriate terminology, call attention to an unethical attitude of certain professionals when dealing with experimental animals, and also propose operational mechanisms, which allow for those distortions to be corrected.

Modelo experimental de trauma medular agudo produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado / Experimental model of acute spinal cord injury produced by modified steriotaxic equipment

Foram utilizados 55 ratos machos da espécie Rattus novergicus, variedade Wistar, com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental de trauma medular produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado, capaz de reproduzir clinicamente lesões medulares padronizadas. Após realização de laminectomia dorsal de T13, utilizou-se peso compressivo de 50,5g (25 animais - grupo I) ou 70,5g (30 animais - grupo II), durante cinco minutos, comprimindo a medula espinhal. Os animais foram assistidos durante oito dias, por meio de testes comportamentais para avaliar a sensibilidade dolorosa, a capacidade motora, o posicionamento tátil e proprioceptivo e a capacidade de manter-se em plano inclinado. No grupo I, observaram-se déficits neurológicos moderados e transitórios, que variaram entre os animais. No grupo II, foi possível obter um trauma padronizado, caracterizado por paraplegia bilateral e simétrica dos membros posteriores, perda de propriocepção e da sensibilidade dolorosa de todos os animais. A utilização do aparelho estereotáxico desenvolvido permite reproduzir clinicamente trauma medular padronizado em ratos, de maneira simples, econômica e satisfatória, o que poderá proporcionar avanços nas investigações terapêuticas, abrangendo doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso do trauma medular agudo.

Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.

Efeito da prednisona em lesão medular aguda experimental em ratos / Effect of prednisone on acute experimental spinal cord injury in rats

Foram utilizados 25 ratos (Rattus novergicus) submetidos a trauma experimental da medula espinhal, empregando-se aparelho estereotáxico com um peso de 50,5g comprimindo a duramáter durante cinco minutos. Após o trauma, os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos de cinco. O grupo A (controle) recebeu placebo oito horas após o trauma; os grupos B, C, D e E receberam prednisona oito, 24, 48 e 120 horas após o trauma, respectivamente. A prednisona foi administrada na dose inicial de 2mg/kg, durante cinco dias, com diminuição progressiva até o 26º dia. Os animais foram avaliados conforme a capacidade motora, posicionamento proprioceptivo, reflexo de localização, plano inclinado e sensibilidade dolorosa. Após 33 dias da cirurgia, foram sacrificados para avaliação histológica das medulas espinhais. Observaram-se degeneração das raízes nervosas, necrose medular, inflamação local e reação glial, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre os testes neurológicos. A utilização da prednisona na lesão medular aguda não teve efeito diferenciado com o tempo e não foi prejudicial na recuperação neurológica, mesmo quando utilizada tardiamente.

Twent-five rats (Rattus novergicus) were submitted to an experimental spinal cord injury by using a 50.5g stereotaxic equipament to apply pressure on the duramater during five minutes. After the spinal cord injury, the animals were randomly distributed into five groups of five animals each: one group received placebo 8 hours after injury and the remaining four groups received prednisone at 8, 24, 48, and 120 hours after injury. Prednisone was applied at 2mg/kg dosage during five days and progressively reduced until the 26th day. Animals were evaluated by motor capacity, proprioceptive positioning, locating reflex, inclined plan, and sensibility to pain. The animals were sacrificed 33 days after surgery for histological study of the spinal cords that revealed degeneration of the rootlets, necrosis, inflammatory foci, and reactive gliosis, with no significant differences among the treated groups. The administration of high dosages of prednisone to animals with acute spinal cord injury had no deleterious effects on neurological recovery, even when used late.

Determination of calcium and magnesium in hydroethanolic extracts of propolis by atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry

Propolis is a natural product collected by honeybees and has a large range of pharmacological activity, including antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant andanti-inflammatory. Its use as a popular medicine is increasing all over the world, creating a need for quality control of the commercial products. In this study the levels of calcium and magnesium in commercial hydroalcoholic propolis extracts from varios states of Brazil were determined by atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry and different values were obtained for northern and southern states. This study can beextended to the analysis of metals that are harmfulto health. The results showed that the calibration curves were linear over a wide concentration range (0.5-4.0 miug.mL-1 for calcium and 0.05-0.4 miug.mL-1 formagnesium) with good correlation coefficients (0.999 and 0.988, respectively). Good analytical recovery (94%) was obtained. The proposed method showed adequate precision and relative standard deviation lower than 2%. The method is accurate and precise as well as having advantages such as simplicity and speed.

Toxicidade de fármacos nitrofurânicos / Toxicity of nitrofuran drugs

Durante o planejamento estrutural de novos fármacos, é possível prever a influência de grupamentos específicos na atividade farmacológica. Entre estes, encontra-se o grupo nitro, que possui potencial atividade antimicrobiana, estando presente em diversos fármacos como o metronidazol, nitrofural, furazolidona, oxamniquina, cloranfenicol, entre outros. Também, a introdução do grupo nitro na molécula pode alterar as propriedades físico-químicas e eletrônicas da substância, estando presente em fármacos de outras classes terapêuticas como anti-úlcera, ansiolítico, antiinflamatório. Entretanto, restrições têm sido apontadas para o planejamento de novos fármacos contendo este grupo, devido à toxicidade relacionada. Este estudo trata-se da revisão sobre a toxicidadede compostos nitrofurânicos, bem como os possíveis mecanismos e a utilização do método de latenciação na diminuição desta toxicidade.

Neisseria meningitidis PorA variable regions: rapid detection of P1.7 and P1.19 variants by PCR.

AIM: Rapid characterization of variable region (VR)1 variants of the porA gene among invasive strains is crucial for outbreak management and epidemiology studies. Recent sequence analysis studies in Brazil showed that the VR1 P1.7 and P1.19 variants are highly prevalent, accounting for 68%, of the total number of VR1 variants characterized. The aim of this work is to develop a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for genosubtyping Neisseria meningitidis by detection of porA variable regions P1.7 and P1.19. METHODS AND RESULTS: PCR primers for the detection of porA VR1 P1.7 and P1.19 were designed and tested using 198 clinical N. meningitidis isolates that had been previously evaluated by porA sequencing. All 50 strains with VR1 P1.7 and all 65 strains with VR1 P1.19 were positively identified by the respective VR-specific PCR and no false-positive reactions occurred. CONCLUSIONS: VR-specific PCR amplification accurately identified VR P1.7 and P1.19 strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To overcome the disadvantages of serosubtyping and sequencing for typing the porA VR1 segment of N. meningitidis, we developed a PCR-based method to rapidly and accurately detect VR1 P1.7 and P1.19 variants. This approach is highly specific and sensitive; moreover it may allow for genotype determination of culture-negative samples.

Estudo da bula de medicamentos: uma análise da situação / An enquiry into pharmaceutical package inserts: analysis of the current situation

Estudo desenvolvido na cidade de Araraquara-SP-Brasil, onde foram entrevistadas 1829 pessoas, moradores de 42 bairros, selecionadas aleatoriamente. Foram feitas perguntas acerca da utilização de medicamentos tais como, os itens mais lidos na bula, dificuldades encontradas na leitura da bula, etc. A entrevista foi realizada em duas etapas, a primeira quando em vigor a Portaria 110/97, a segunda, após a vigência da RDC 140/03, sendo que dos 1829 entrevistados, 1597 relataram estar fazendo uso de algum medicamento. Em ambas as etapas do trabalho, os resultados referentes às bulas foram semelhantes quanto ao tamanho reduzido da letra, a linguagem muito científica e a excessiva quantidade de informações utilizadas constituíram os fatores que dificultam sua leitura. Este trabalho, mostra que é necessário disponibilizar informações mais simples que permitam ao paciente vislumbrar a importância do conhecimento destas informações, estando apto a detectar problemas advindos do uso e sua imediata solução. Adiciona-se a isto a contribuição que traz para avaliação, se as bulas elaboradas conforme a RDC140/03 passarão a servir como fonte de informação e orientação do paciente, promovendo o uso racional do medicamento ou, se as bulas passarão apenas a apresentar uma nova formatação, mas com manutenção de fatores que prejudicam o seu entendimento e utilização.

Scanning electron microscopy of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the horse.

The present study examined the ultrastructure of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the horse. The material was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 m sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, processed and analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The choroid plexus was characterized by regions with a predominance of villi, which resembled finger-like projections or bunches of grapes, and others where straight and uniform folds predominated. Epithelial cells projected into the ventricle and large amounts of cilia and microvilli were observed on their surface. The choroid glomus corresponded to a dilatation of the choroid plexus and was characterized by blood vessels of different calibres surrounded by connective tissue.

Occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae strains in three Brazilian states since the introduction of a conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.

Few vaccines in history have induced such a dramatic decline in incidence over such a short period of time as the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate. This vaccine was introduced in 1988 in the United States, but only in 1999 was Hib immunization introduced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health as part of the routine infant National Immunization Program. The authors analyzed 229 H. influenzae (Hi) isolates from Public Health Laboratories in three Brazilian states: Pernambuco (Northeast, N = 54), Santa Catarina (South, N = 19), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast, N = 156). The isolates were collected from Brazilian children 0-10 years of age with meningitis and other infections from 1990 to 2003 and were part of the research collection of the National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ. Bacterial strains were characterized by serotyping and biotyping. During the pre-vaccination period the prevalence infection due to Hib was of 165 isolates and only 2 non-b Hi among all the notified meningitis infections caused by Hi. Our results showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of Hib meningitis from 165 to 33 isolates after 1999. However, during the post-vaccination period of 2001-2003 we observed an increase in the number of non-b Hi isolates: only 2 non-b strains isolated from 1990 to 1999 and 29 from 1999 to 2003. Based on the present data, the authors emphasize the need for more sensitive epidemiological and bacteriological studies aiming the improvement of the available Hib vaccine, in order to protect the susceptible population to infections due to other serological types of Hi and the reevaluation of immunization schedules used by the National Immunization Program.

Occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae strains in three Brazilian states since the introduction of a conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine

Few vaccines in history have induced such a dramatic decline in incidence over such a short period of time as the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate. This vaccine was introduced in 1988 in the United States, but only in 1999 was Hib immunization introduced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health as part of the routine infant National Immunization Program. The authors analyzed 229 H. influenzae (Hi) isolates from Public Health Laboratories in three Brazilian states: Pernambuco (Northeast, N = 54), Santa Catarina (South, N = 19), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast, N = 156). The isolates were collected from Brazilian children 0-10 years of age with meningitis and other infections from 1990 to 2003 and were part of the research collection of the National Institute of Quality Control in Health, FIOCRUZ. Bacterial strains were characterized by serotyping and biotyping. During the pre-vaccination period the prevalence infection due to Hib was of 165 isolates and only 2 non-b Hi among all the notified meningitis infections caused by Hi. Our results showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of Hib meningitis from 165 to 33 isolates after 1999. However, during the post-vaccination period of 2001-2003 we observed an increase in the number of non-b Hi isolates: only 2 non-b strains isolated from 1990 to 1999 and 29 from 1999 to 2003. Based on the present data, the authors emphasize the need for more sensitive epidemiological and bacteriological studies aiming the improvement of the available Hib vaccine, in order to protect the susceptible population to infections due to other serological types of Hi and the reevaluation of immunization schedules used by the National Immunization Program.

Determination of oxamniquine in capsules by HPLC.

A sensitive, accurate, reliable and easy method was developed for the quantification of oxamniquine in capsules using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. This technique provided conditions for the separation of the active ingredient from the dosage form by extraction in methanol. Isocratic reversed phase chromatography was performed using methanol, water, and triethanolamine (60:40:0.099, v/v/w) (System C) or methanol, acetonitrile, water and formic acid (40:30:30:0.083, v/v/w) (System D) as mobile phase, a stainless steel column (125 x 4 mm i.d., 5 microm) filled with LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merck), column temperature of 28+/-2 degrees C and detection at 260 nm. The calibration curves were linear over a wide concentration range (1.0-20.0 microg ml(-1) of oxamniquine) to the Systems C and D with good correlation factor (0.9990 and 0.9982, respectively). The average content obtained were 100.1+/-1.5% (System C) and 102.4+/-0.8% (System D). The presence of lactose, starch, magnesium stearate and sodium laurylsulphate did not interfere in the results of the analysis. The above findings showed the proposed method to be both simple and added advantage of allowing for fast analysis.

Development of a collection of bacteria causing meningitis in Rio de Janeiro from 1990 to 1991

From March 1990 to December 1992, the National Institute for Quality Control of Health-INCQS Research Collection received 1476 bacterial samples isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid of patients suspect of meningitis in Rio de Janeiro, from the São Sebastião State Institute of Infectious Diseases (IEISS). Neisseria meningitidis was found in most of these materials, followed in smaller number by Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The great majority of N. meningitidis strains was serogroup B, followed by serogroup C and a few strains of serogroup W135. More than 50 of the isolated bacterial agents came from the predominant 0-4 years age group. The majority of the strains were from patients in the region known as "Baixada Fluminense" (Low Lands). The aim of the work presented here is to obtain samples of meningitis cases in at least 70 of the State of Rio de Janeiro and develop a collaborative research between INCQS-FIOCRUZ and the IEISS, in order to set up a collection of strains for future studies. However, despite work being carried out in a rather satisfactory way, difficulties still arise and have to be overcome, to survey data.

Development of a collection of bacteria causing meningitis in Rio de Janeiro from 1990 to 1991.

From March 1990 to December 1992, the National Institute for Quality Control of Health-INCQS Research Collection received 1476 bacterial samples isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid of patients suspect of meningitis in Rio de Janeiro, from the São Sebastião State Institute of Infectious Diseases (IEISS). Neisseria meningitidis was found in most of these materials, followed in smaller number by Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The great majority of N. meningitidis strains was serogroup B, followed by serogroup C and a few strains of serogroup W135. More than 50% of the isolated bacterial agents came from the predominant 0-4 years age group. The majority of the strains were from patients in the region known as "Baixada Fluminense" (Low Lands). The aim of the work presented here is to obtain samples of meningitis cases in at least 70% of the State of Rio de Janeiro and develop a collaborative research between INCQS-FIOCRUZ and the IEISS, in order to set up a collection of strains for future studies. However, despite work being carried out in a rather satisfactory way, difficulties still arise and have to be overcome, to survey data.

Ressecçäo da cabeça e colo do fêmur no cäo. Avaliaçäo dos resultados no pós-operatório tardio / Postoperative avaliation of dogs after resection of the head of the femur

Foi realizada a ressecçäo da cabeça e do colo do fêmur em 19 cäes de ambos os sexos, que apresentavam diferentes patologias da articulaçäo coxo-femoral e de variadas raças, pesos e idades. Foi utilizado o acesso cirúrgico crânio-lateral e empregados procedimentos operatórios de rotina. Os animais tiveram acompanhamento pós-operatório de até dois anos, que permitiram observar o retorno satisfatório de deambulaçäo, ainda que apresentassem graus variáves de claudicaçäo e encurtamento do membro operado. O trabalho permitiu inferir que o tratamento proposto, especialmente em raças de menor porte, é eficiente no retorno à locomoçäo e supressäo da dor articular, que a fisioterapia tem papel relevante no pós-operatório e que a funcionalidade do membro näo é afetada pelo encurtamento do membro decorrente da cirurgia

Susceptibility to five antimicrobial agents of strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group isolated in Brazil.

The in vitro activity of metronidazole, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and carbenicillin was tested by an agar dilution method against 228 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group isolated from human intestinal microbiota during 1981 and 1982. All the strains were susceptible to metronidazole. Resistance rates for chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and carbenicillin were 2, 37, 21, and 13%, respectively.

A new methodology in abdominal aesthetic surgery.

This article presents a personal methodology for the surgical planning of abdominoplasties with the goal of obtaining the best aesthetic result with the minimum of scars. With a thorough physical examination, the abdomens are classified into different groups and surgery is planned accordingly. The authors use liposuction in association with dermolipectomy and introduce a new approach to treating supraumbilical muscle diastases. The results obtained have been good, with a smooth recovery and better scars.

Dermoadipose and adenadipose flaps in mammoplasty.

After the follow-up of breasts operated on using several breast reduction techniques that resect the glands removing its central section, we noted in the last postoperative period that with the passage of time, these breasts developed a depression on the upper pole causing a somewhat ungraceful profile and the visual impression that the breast was ptotic. It was noted that the techniques used were most concerned with mammary gland removal, without specific regard to the upper pole of the breast. Searching for an aesthetic solution for the construction and maintenance of the upper pole of the breast, we have developed two techniques in which fixation of mammary tissue flaps to the third costal arch assures both a graceful breast and pexis of the breasts. This report presents an analysis of the results of the author's experience.