(R)-(+)-Lasiodiplodin isolated from the endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis exhibits potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo: a dual approach for the treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Tocoyena bullata and Humiria balsamifera plant species for their antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing on severe pulmonary tuberculosis cases which are often associated with exacerbated inflammation. METHODS: Mycobacterium suspensions were incubated with the samples for 5 days. RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS were also incubated with them for 24 h to assess the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production and cytotoxicity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mtb M299 and treated for 15 days with lasiodiplodin (Lasio). KEY FINDINGS: Endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis, obtained from T. bullata, was the most promising. Its ethanolic extract impaired mycobacterial growth with MIC50 (µg/ml): 1.5 ± 0.6 (BCG), 66.8 ± 0.1 (H37Rv) and 80.0 ± 0.1 (M299). (R)-(+)-Lasio showed MIC50 92.2 ± 1.8 µg/ml (M299). In addition, Lasio was able to inhibit NO, IL-1ß and TNF-α production and was not cytotoxic for macrophages. M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 animals treated by Lasio reduced the number of acid-fast bacilli, lung pathology, leucocyte influx and proinflammatory cytokine production in the lungs. The class IIa fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase was the predicted hypothetical target of Lasio. CONCLUSIONS: (R)-(+)-Lasio stood out as a promising anti-TB compound, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial effects, as well as low cytotoxicity.

A Murine Model of Mycobacterium kansasii Infection Reproducing Necrotic Lung Pathology Reveals Considerable Heterogeneity in Virulence of Clinical Isolates.

Among non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Mycobacterium kansasii is one of the most pathogenic, able to cause pulmonary disease indistinguishable from tuberculosis in immunocompetent susceptible adults. The lack of animal models that reproduce human-like lung disease, associated with the necrotic lung pathology, impairs studies of M. kansasii virulence and pathogenicity. In this study, we examined the ability of the C57BL/6 mice, intratracheally infected with highly virulent M. kansasii strains, to produce a chronic infection and necrotic lung pathology. As a first approach, we evaluated ten M. kansasii strains isolated from Brazilian patients with pulmonary disease and the reference strain M. kansasii ATCC 12478 for virulence-associated features in macrophages infected in vitro; five of these strains differing in virulence were selected for in vivo analysis. Highly virulent isolates induced progressive lung disease in mice, forming large encapsulated caseous granulomas in later stages (120-150 days post-infection), while the low-virulent strain was cleared from the lungs by day 40. Two strains demonstrated increased virulence, causing premature death in the infected animals. These data demonstrate that C57BL/6 mice are an excellent candidate to investigate the virulence of M. kansasii isolates. We observed considerable heterogeneity in the virulence profile of these strains, in which the presence of highly virulent strains allowed us to establish a clinically relevant animal model. Comparing public genomic data between Brazilian isolates and isolates from other geographic regions worldwide demonstrated that at least some of the highly pathogenic strains isolated in Brazil display remarkable genomic similarities with the ATCC strain 12478 isolated in the United States 70 years ago (less than 100 SNPs of difference), as well as with some recent European clinical isolates. These data suggest that few pathogenic clones have been widely spread within M. kansasii population around the world.

COMPARISON OF HEMOSTASIS WITH TRANEXAMIC ACID IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in relation to blood loss and complications inherent to the medication. METHOD: Three groups with 14 patients each were constituted, and all of them were operated using the same surgical technique. In Group 1, usual measures for bleeding control were performed. Group 2 patients received TXA topically on the joint surface. In Group 3, intravenous TXA was used. Hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HTC), platelets (PLAT), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and volume of blood drained observed 24 hours after arthroplasty were compared to the values of tests found before surgery. RESULTS: There was a decrease in the concentration of HB, HTC and PLAT in all groups in relation to the preoperative, however without significant difference. Group 3 had a lower mean volume of drained blood than the other groups, with statistical significance. No adverse effects or thromboembolic events were observed in the groups that received TXA. CONCLUSION: This study showed superiority in the use of intravenous TXA in decreasing the volume of bleeding, without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. Level of Evidence I, High quality randomized trial with statistically significant difference or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (ATX) intravenoso e tópico em artroplastia total de joelho primária (ATJ) unilateral em relação à perda sanguínea e complicações inerentes à medicação. MÉTODOS: Três grupos com 14 pacientes cada foram divididos, todos operados utilizando-se a mesma técnica cirúrgica. No Grupo 1, medidas habituais para controle do sangramento foram realizadas. Pacientes do Grupo 2 receberam ATX topicamente na superfície articular. Já no Grupo 3, foi utilizado ATX intravenoso. Hemoglobina (HB), hematócrito (HTC), plaquetas (PLAQ), tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada e volume de sangue drenado observados 24 horas após a artroplastia foram comparados aos valores dos exames encontrados antes da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Houve queda da concentração de HB, HTC e PLAQ em todos os grupos em relação ao pré-operatório, sem, contudo, diferença significante. O Grupo 3 apresentou menor volume médio de sangue drenado do que os demais grupos, com significância estatística. Não foram observados efeitos adversos ou eventos tromboembólicos nos grupos que receberam o ATX. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstra superioridade da utilização de ATX intravenoso em diminuir o volume de sangramento, sem aumentar o risco de eventos tromboembólicos. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

Comparison of hemostasis with tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty / Comparação da hemostasia com ácido tranexâmico em artroplastia total de joelho

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in relation to blood loss and complications inherent to the medication. Method: Three groups with 14 patients each were constituted, and all of them were operated using the same surgical technique. In Group 1, usual measures for bleeding control were performed. Group 2 patients received TXA topically on the joint surface. In Group 3, intravenous TXA was used. Hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HTC), platelets (PLAT), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and volume of blood drained observed 24 hours after arthroplasty were compared to the values of tests found before surgery. Results: There was a decrease in the concentration of HB, HTC and PLAT in all groups in relation to the preoperative, however without significant difference. Group 3 had a lower mean volume of drained blood than the other groups, with statistical significance. No adverse effects or thromboembolic events were observed in the groups that received TXA. Conclusion: This study showed superiority in the use of intravenous TXA in decreasing the volume of bleeding, without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. Level of Evidence I, High quality randomized trial with statistically significant difference or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (ATX) intravenoso e tópico em artroplastia total de joelho primária (ATJ) unilateral em relação à perda sanguínea e complicações inerentes à medicação. Métodos: Três grupos com 14 pacientes cada foram divididos, todos operados utilizando-se a mesma técnica cirúrgica. No Grupo 1, medidas habituais para controle do sangramento foram realizadas. Pacientes do Grupo 2 receberam ATX topicamente na superfície articular. Já no Grupo 3, foi utilizado ATX intravenoso. Hemoglobina (HB), hematócrito (HTC), plaquetas (PLAQ), tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada e volume de sangue drenado observados 24 horas após a artroplastia foram comparados aos valores dos exames encontrados antes da cirurgia. Resultados: Houve queda da concentração de HB, HTC e PLAQ em todos os grupos em relação ao pré-operatório, sem, contudo, diferença significante. O Grupo 3 apresentou menor volume médio de sangue drenado do que os demais grupos, com significância estatística. Não foram observados efeitos adversos ou eventos tromboembólicos nos grupos que receberam o ATX. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstra superioridade da utilização de ATX intravenoso em diminuir o volume de sangramento, sem aumentar o risco de eventos tromboembólicos. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

Harmful Effects of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells on Tuberculosis Caused by Hypervirulent Mycobacteria.

BACKGROUND: The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in patients with severe tuberculosis who suffer from uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation caused by hypervirulent mycobacterial infection remains unclear. METHODS: This issue was addressed using C57BL/6 mice infected with highly virulent Mycobacterium bovis strain MP287/03. RESULTS: CD11b+GR1int population increased in the bone marrow, blood and lungs during advanced disease. Pulmonary CD11b+GR1int (Ly6GintLy6Cint) cells showed granularity similar to neutrophils and expressed immature myeloid cell markers. These immature neutrophils harbored intracellular bacilli and were preferentially located in the alveoli. T-cell suppression occurred concomitantly with CD11b+GR1int cell accumulation in the lungs. Furthermore, lung and bone marrow GR1+ cells suppressed both T-cell proliferation and interferon γ production in vitro. Anti-GR1 therapy given when MDSCs infiltrated the lungs prevented expansion and fusion of primary pulmonary lesions and the development of intragranulomatous caseous necrosis, along with increased mouse survival and partial recovery of T-cell function. Lung bacterial load was reduced by anti-GR1 treatment, but mycobacteria released from the depleted cells proliferated extracellularly in the alveoli, forming cords and clumps. CONCLUSIONS: Granulocytic MDSCs massively infiltrate the lungs during infection with hypervirulent mycobacteria, promoting bacterial growth and the development of inflammatory and necrotic lesions, and are promising targets for host-directed therapies.

Measurement data from bobbins of Partially Oriented Yarns: Univariate and multivariate aspects.

In this paper, we present data from measurements made in the textured fibers bobbins in two different conditions, presenting critical quality characteristics such as diameter, mass and density. In order to obtain a significant amount of information, in each of the two conditions, 270 measurements were obtained for each of the quality characteristics. Three different equipments (Automatic Package Analyzer - APA) were used in ten different parts, replicated three times for each of them. Considering the two measurement data collection, an amount of 540 bobbins measurements were obtained. Almeida et al., (2019) applied these measurement data in his study. Taking into account the multicorrelated nature of the information, we also have the representation of the principal components' scores for these measurements, besides the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the data.

Lubricating conditions: effects on friction between orthodontic brackets and archwires with different cross-sections.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of the condition of lubrication on the friction between brackets and NiTi archwires of different rounded cross-sections. METHODS: Brackets (Roth, GAC) were affixed to a device connected to a universal testing machine into which segments of archwire were placed (NiTi, Nitinol, GAC) with cross-sections of 0.012-in, 0.016-in and 0.020-in. Once the wire was in the bracket slot, the following lubricants were applied: human saliva (HS: positive control), distilled water (DI), mucin-based (MUC) or carboxymethylcellulose-based (CMC) artificial saliva. In the negative control group, no lubricant was used. The combination between the wire cross-sections and the lubrication condition generated 15 groups with 15 samples each. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test. RESULTS: There was no significant interaction between the wire cross-section and the condition of lubrication (p= 0.901). Irrespective of whether lubricants were used or not, there was a significant increase in friction with an increase in the cross-section of the wire (p< 0.001). For any wire, the group tested in the presence of MUC was not different from that in which HS was applied. On the other hand, when the application of lubricants was suppressed, significantly higher friction values were observed. The CMC group and the DI group demonstrated intermediate behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Friction increased with the increase of the cross-section of the NiTi archwire, but regardless of the archwire, friction with MUC artificial saliva was similar to that of HS and lower than in dry conditions.

Influence of in vitro micropropagation on lycorine biosynthesis and anticholinesterase activity in Hippeastrum goianum

ABSTRACT Hippeastrum goianum (Ravenna) Meerow, Amaryllidaceae, is an endemic species from the Cerrado, Brazil; there are only few studies about its chemistry or biological activity. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of lycorine in extracts from in vitro H. goianum plantlets, as well as evaluate a possible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The ethanol extract of plantlets produced by in vitro seed germination and micropropagation of bulblets was obtained from seedlings from in vitro germination, while the ethanol extract micropropagtion of bulblets was obtained from a subculture of those seedlings. The presence of lycorine was detected in only in the micropropagation of bulblets. The micropropagation of bulblets was more active than the plantlets produced by in vitro seed germination, with an IC50 of 114.8 ± 0.95 µg/ml and IC50 386.00 ± 0.97 µg/ml, respectively. These results showed that both in vitro germination and micropropagation of H. goianum can lead to the biosynthesis of lycorine. Moreover, the micropropagation led to improved anticholinesterase activity.

Inhibiting Adenosine Receptor Signaling Promotes Accumulation of Effector CD4+ T Cells in the Lung Parenchyma During Severe Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous pneumonia, necrotic granulomatous lesions, and bacterial dissemination characterize severe forms of mycobacterial infection. METHODS: To evaluate the pulmonary CD4+ T-cell response during severe tuberculosis, C57BL/6 mice were infected with approximately 100 bacilli of 3 hypervirulent mycobacterial isolates (Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Beijing 1471 and Mycobacterium bovis strains B2 and MP287/03) or the H37Rv M tuberculosis strain as reference for mycobacterial virulence. Because high expression of both CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases was detected on parenchymal CD4+ T cells, we investigated whether CD4+ T-cell suppression in the context of severe disease was due to the extracellular adenosine accumulation that resulted from tissue damage. RESULTS: Lowest expression of CD69, which is an activation marker implicated in maintaining cells in tissues, was observed in lungs from mice displaying the most severe pulmonary pathology. Reduced interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ T cells were also found in the lung of these mice. Intranasal administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine substantially enhanced the frequency and number of parenchymal CD4+ T cells as well as both CD69 expression and IFNγ production. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that adenosine, which may be generated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate degradation, impairs the parenchymal CD4+ T-cell response and contributes to the development of severe tuberculosis.

Enfrentamento e Adaptação de Pacientes na Amputação por Trauma ou Doença / Patients Coping and Adaptation in the Amputation by Trauma or Disease

A amputação é uma perda física e psíquica. A pessoa amputada precisa se adaptar a nova forma de vida. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da estratégia de enfrentamento no processo de adaptação de pacientes amputados devido a algum trauma (acidente) ou doença. Método: Foram aplicados entrevista semiestruturada, Escala Modo de Enfrentamento de Problemas - EMEP e questionário sociodemográfico no período de agosto a outubro de 2015, no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo de corte transversal, com amostra não probabilística por conveniência. Os critérios de inclusão da pesquisa foram todos os pacientes que sofreram amputação por trauma ou doença, com condições cognitivas de participar da pesquisa e que aceitaram participar. Resultados: Dos 31 entrevistados, 9,7% sofreram amputação por trauma e 90,3% por doença. Foram considerados mal adaptados ao tratamento 12,9% dos entrevistados. A amostra encontrada foi dividida em dois grupos em relação ao seu modo de enfrentamento, a saber: a) enfrentamento focalizado no problema e b) práticas religiosas/pensamento fantasioso. Conclusão: A análise dos achados sugere uma não associação entre estratégias de enfrentamento e adaptação, dada a não variação nas estratégias de enfrentamento encontradas. Não foi possível concluir se não existe diferença quanto à estratégia de enfrentamento de pacientes amputados por trauma ou por doença. (AU)

Introduction: Amputation is a physical and psychological loss. The amputated person needs to adapt to a new way of life. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the coping strategy impact into the adaptation process of the amputated patient due to trauma (accident) or disease. Methods: Semi-structured interview, Ways of Coping Scale and sociodemographic questionnaire were applied during August, September and October of 2015 in the "Hospital de Base of Distrito Federal" and performing a quantitative cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample by convenience. The inclusion criteria of the research were all of the patients who suffered amputation due to trauma or disease, with cognitive conditions to participate in the research and who accepted to participate. Results: Among the 31 participants, 9,7% suffered amputation due to trauma and 90.3% due to a disease. Only 12.9% of the participants were considered ill-adapted to the treatment. The sample found was divided into two groups in relation to their mode of coping, namely: a) problem-focused and b) religious practices/fantasy thinking. Conclusion: The analysis of the findings suggests no association between coping strategies and adaptation, given the non-variation in coping strategies encountered. It was not possible to conclude that there is no difference in the coping strategy of patients amputated due to trauma or illness. (AU)

Development of a System Measurement Model of the Brazilian Hospital Accreditation System.

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a measurement model that evaluates the Brazilian hospital accreditation methodology (ONA), based on a multivariate model using structural equation modeling (SEM). The information used to develop the model was obtained from a questionnaire sent to all organizations accredited by the ONA methodology. A model was built based on the data obtained and tested through a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique using the LISREL® software (Scientific Software International, Inc., Skokie, IL, USA). Four different tests were performed: Initial, calibrated, simulated, and cross-validation models. By analyzing and validating the proposed measurement model, it can be verified that the selected factors satisfy the required criteria for the development of a structural model. The results show that leadership action is one of the most important factors in the process of health services accredited by ONA. Although, leadership, staff management, quality management, organizational culture, process orientation, and safety are strongly linked to the development of health organizations, and directly influence the accreditation process.

Deltamethrin-induced nuclear erythrocyte alteration and damage to the gills and liver of Colossoma macropomum.

Deltamethrin is one of the most commonly used pyrethroids in the world, and it has a high toxic potential, mainly on aquatic organism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate LC50 values of deltamethrin on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fingerlings and to investigate genotoxic effects and histopathological responses. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of deltamethrin (0, 6.16 × 10-3; 6.44 × 10-2; 1.34 × 10-1, and 1.93 × 10-1 mg L-1) for 96 h. In addition, a genotoxicity analysis was carried out on peripheral blood erythrocytes and histopathological changes were classified by the severity degree of damage and organ functioning. The 96 h LC50 value for tambaqui was estimated at 5.56 × 10-2 mg L-1 using a static test system. Nuclear abnormalities in exposed fish included micronuclei, blebbed, notched, 8-shaped, and binucleated nuclei forms. Deltamethrin significantly induced a notched nucleus compared to other abnormalities. A histopathological examination showed hepatic lesions and gill damage. Deltamethrin was found to be highly toxic; it induced genotoxicity and caused liver and gill inflammation in tambaqui.

Tratamento pós-operatório de tenorrafias dos tendões flexores da mão: uma revisão narrativa / Post-operative treatment of tenorrhaphies of the flexor tendons of the hand: a narrative review

Objetivos: Revisar a literatura quanto à conduta pós-operatória mais adequada para o tratamento das lesões dos tendões flexores da mão. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados MEDLINE/PUBMED, com as seguintes palavras indexadas "digitorum profundus tendon", "digitorum superficialis tendon", "hand tendon injuries", "hand tendon repair", "hand tendon surgery", "early passive mobilization", "controlled active motion", "flexor tendon repair surgery", "postoperative hand rehabilitation". A data de seleção se restringiu entre os anos de 2010 a 2018. Foram encontrados 149 artigos e, desses, 9 foram escolhidos para a análise deste estudo, por atenderem os critérios de inclusão. Resultados: É consenso entre os artigos analisados que o movimento dos dígitos após a cirurgia é fundamental para a recuperação do déficit motor da mão. O movimento na intensidade apropriada previne rupturas e aderências tendíneas. Além do movimento, há um impasse quanto ao modo de imobilização do punho. Conclusão: A análise dos estudos indica que a melhor opção de tratamento pós-operatório é a mobilização ativa precoce, pelo fato de o índice de adesão tendínea ser baixíssimo. Resta dúvida se a posição do punho pode interferir no índice de ruptura dos tendões.

Objectives: To review the literature on the most appropriate postoperative question for the treatment of injuries of the flexor tendons of the hand. Methods: A search was performed in the MEDLINE / PUBMED database, with the following words indexed "digitorum profundus tendon", "digitorum superficialis tendon", "hand tendon injuries", "hand tendon repair", "hand tendon surgery", "early passive mobilization, "" controlled active motion, "" flexor tendon repair surgery, "" postoperative hand rehabilitation. "The selection date was restricted between 2010 and 2018. 149 articles were found and 9 were selected for analysis of this study, because they met the inclusion criteria. Results: It is a consensus among the articles that concern the movement of patients after surgery is fundamental, for a recovery of the motor deficit of the hand. The movement in the struggle for correction prevents tendinous ruptures and adhesions. In addition, there is a stalemate regarding the mode of immobilization of the wrist. Conclusion: The analysis of the studies indicates that the best option for postoperative treatment is active early mobilization, because the tendon adhesion index is very low. Whether the wrist position may interfere with tendon rupture rates remains to be questioned.

Estresse infantil e sua relação com o rendimento escolar da criança nas disciplinas de português e matemática / Child stress and its relationship with childhood performance in portuguese disciplines and mathematics

Introdução: Nota-se que o estresse influencia no rendimento escolar, e este é influenciado por diversos fatores. Objetivo: Verificar o rendimento escolar e o estresse em escolares de 7 a 12 anos no município de Cacoal/RO. Método: As crianças responderam aos protocolos de Índice de stress infantil - ISSI-I, sendo um questionário com 35 questões, que relacionavam as dimensões do estresse infantil, psicológico ou físico, com o rendimento escolar, disponibilizado pela escola, cujo resultado correspondia às médias dos alunos em Português e Matemática dos quatro bimestres, os quais foram selecionados para a comparação e a análise dos resultados. A amostra do estudo contou com 230 crianças do sexo masculino e 252 crianças do sexo feminino. Resultado: O estudo mostrou relação entre escolares que estão sob condições de stress e seu rendimento escolar. Ainda é importante verificar se os vários sintomas estão ocorrendo juntos. Conclusão: O stress não tratado e prolongado pode levar a uma série de doenças e problemas de adaptação, inclusive na escola. (AU)

Introduction: It is noted that stress influences school performance, and this is influenced by several factors. Objective: This study aimed to verify school performance and stress in schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years in the municipality of Cacoal / RO. Methods: The children responded to the ISSI-I protocols, with a questionnaire with 35 questions relating the dimensions of the child's psychological or physical stress to the school's performance of the averages (Mathematics and Portuguese) of the four two-month periods of the students selected to compare and analyze the results. The study sample consisted of 230 males and 252 females. Results: The study showed the number of schoolchildren who are over stress and the relationship with their school performance. It is still important to check if various symptoms are occurring together. Conclusion: Untreated and prolonged stress can lead to a number of diseases and problems of adjustment, including at school. (AU)

In vitro callogenesis of Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira)

ABSTRACT This work describes the establishment of procedures to induce in vitro callogenesis from Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz, Fabaceae, explants. Nodal, internodal and leaf segments were isolated from in vitro germinated seedlings and cultured in MS medium with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg l-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 30 days, the explants with induced callus showed a quadratic response for the segments nodal, internodal and leaf, with increasing the callus formation in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations of 6.28, 6.49 and 4.91 mg l-1, respectively. In 30 days there was a linear oxidation rise with the increase to the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 60 days, oxidation values were minimum, at 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations of 5.13 mg l-1 (internodal) and 3.98 mg l-1 (leaf). The highest callus production was observed after 30 days in the presence of 6.09 mg l-1, 5.82 mg l-1 and 4.91 mg l-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in nodal, internodal and leaf segments, respectively. After 60 days these segments showed peaks of production at 7.0 mg l-1 (nodal), 6.15 mg l-1 (internodal) and 5.08 mg l-1 (leaf) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. For callus induction the intake of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was essential. The greater intensity in callus formation was observed in 4.91 mg l-1 in leaf segments after 30 days.

Maturação biológica e imagem corporal; sua relação com o sobrepeso/ obesidade em escolares de Cacoal, Rondonia / Biological maturation and body image; its relationship with overweight/ obesity in Cacoal, Rondonia schools

Introdução: Pesquisas de imagem corporal têm sido residuais e inconclusivas a respeito dos efeitos da morfologia do corpo sobre a insatisfação com o peso e a aparência física, que são o reflexo do amadurecimento individual. Objetivo: Verificar a relação da maturação biológica e imagem corporal com o excesso de peso em escolares de 7 a 12 anos de escolas municipais do município de Cacoal. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 482 escolares de 7 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 111 da zona urbana e 371 na zona rural. Foram coletados valores referentes ao IMC Cole et al.,(2000), além de medidas de perímetro abdominal e foi identificada a maturação e a satisfação corporal dos escolares. O parâmetro para a mensuração da percepção da imagem corporal foi o protocolo proposto por Collins (1991), e para identificação dos estágios de maturação foi utilizado o protocolo de Tanner (1962). Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o programa SPSS 20.0 usando uma estatística descritiva em que foram calculados a média, o desvio padrão e o percentual; para comparar as médias dos grupos foi aplicada uma análise de variância para dois fatores (ANOVA) Two-way, e a aplicação do teste t-student. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram que a maturação nas meninas teve relação com a obesidade; o mesmo não foi evidenciado nos meninos. A satisfação com a imagem corporal também tem relação com a obesidade, circunstância em que as meninas são mais insatisfeitas com sua imagem corporal se comparadas aos meninos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os resultados do presente estudo, mostram que a maturação nas meninas e sua imagem corporal têm relação com a obesidade (AU)

Introduction: Body image research has been residual and inconclusive regarding the effects of body morphology on dissatisfaction relative to weight and physical appearance and this, in turn, is reflected by individual maturation. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the Relationship of biological maturation and body image with overweight in schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years old among municipal schools in the city of Cacoal. Methods: The sample consisted of 482 schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years of age, of both sexes, 111 from the urban area and 371 from the rural area. Data were collected regarding BMI Cole et al. (2000), in addition to measurements of abdominal perimeter. Maturation and corporal satisfaction were identified. The parameter for measuring body image perception was the protocol proposed by Collins (1991), and Tanner's protocol (1962) was used to identify maturation stages. For statistical analysis, the SPSS 20.0 was used by means of a descriptive statistics where mean, standard deviation and percentage were calculated, and a two-way ANOVA was applied to compare the means of the groups and to apply the t-student tests. Results: The results showed that maturation in girls was related to obesity; the same was not observed among boys. Satisfaction with body image is also related to obesity, where girls are more dissatisfied with their body image when compared to boys. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the results of the present study show that maturation in girls and their body image are related to obesity. (AU)

Hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain triggers necrotic lung pathology associated with enhanced recruitment of neutrophils in resistant C57BL/6 mice.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that in most cases induces irreversible necrosis of lung tissue as a result of excessive inflammatory reactions. The murine model of TB in resistant C57BL/6 mice infected with reference Mtb strains is widely used in TB studies; however, these mice do not show a necrotic pathology, which restricts their use in studies of irreversible tissue damage. Recently, we demonstrated that necrotic lung lesions could be induced in the C57BL/6 mice by highly virulent Mtb strains belonging to the modern Beijing sublineage. However, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to necrosis in this model were not elucidated. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of lung lesions in mice infected with highly virulent Beijing Mtb strain M299, compared with those infected with laboratory Mtb strain H37Rv. The data demonstrate that necrotic lung lesions in mice infected by the strain M299 were associated with enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells, especially neutrophils, and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, consistent with exacerbated inflammation. High levels of IFN-γ production contributed to the control of bacterial growth. Further progression to chronic disease was associated with a reduction in the levels of inflammatory mediators in the lungs, the accumulation of foamy macrophages and partial healing of the necrotic tissue by fibrosis. At a late stage of disease, degradation of foamy cells resulted in the liberation of accumulated lipids and persisting bacilli and further activation of inflammation, which promoted lung consolidation. Overall, our studies show that C57BL/6 mice infected with highly virulent Mtb strain may serve as a TB model reproducing an exacerbated inflammatory response in a resistant host to hypervirulent mycobacteria, leading to irreversible necrotic lung lesions.

Paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazilian Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is endemic to Latin America, where 10 million people may be infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/Paracoccidioides lutzii and 1,600,000 individuals live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An epidemiological overlapping of these infections occurred early in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era with nearly 180 published cases. This study presents epidemiological, clinical, and outcome profiles for 31 PCM patients with HIV infection diagnosed in a teaching hospital in Brazil, and includes an update of previously reported cases. Medical records were reviewed and data compared with 64 PCM patients without HIV infection. Of the 31 PCM patients with HIV infection, 23 (74.1%) were male, with a median age of 36.7 years, whereas of the 64 PCM, 45 (70.3%) were male, with a median age of 35.1 years. Both groups presented similar proportions for smoking and alcoholism. PCM patients with HIV infection presented more fever, weight loss, and the acute clinical form than the PCM patients who had more mucosal and respiratory involvement characterizing the chronic form. Most PCM patients with HIV infection exhibited overlapping symptoms from both clinical forms with median symptom duration of 4.5 months compared with 8.3 months for the PCM control. Patients received sulfonamides and/or itraconazole for a median of 15.7 and 16.7 months for PCM/HIV-infected and PCM, respectively. Relapses occurred more in PCM (12 [30%]) than PCM/HIV-infected (4 [14.8%]) patients, whose mortality rate was higher (10 [32.8%]) than PCM patients (8 [20%]). The cases of PCM/HIV infection confirm that HIV can interact with some endemic diseases without increasing their frequency, while changing their natural history, clinical presentation, and outcome. The data presented here are in agreement with those observed in other studies.

Hyptis pectinata gel prevents alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis in rats

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit., Lamiaceae, is an aromatic, abundant and broadly used plant species in Sergipe to treat oral and gastrointestinal pain and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relation between periodontitis and changes in the corporal mass and alveolar bone structure after induction of experimental periodontal disease in rat treated or not treated with H. pectinata gel at 5% (GS5%) and 10% (GS10%), comparing their effects with doxycycline gel at 10% (D10%, positive control), vehicle gel (negative control) and a group with experimental periodontal disease, but non-treated. The gels were locally applied in the gingival region immediately after the experimental periodontal disease induction by ligature (3×/day, 11 days). Bone destruction was determined through clinical exam, histopathological analysis and cone beam computed tomography of the experimental animals (n = 36). After 11 days of periodontitis induction, all groups that received ligature presented a decrease in the corporal mass, except to the naïve group (without experimental periodontal disease) (p < 0.05). Computed tomography results have shown healthy bone structure in the group I and bone resorption for the test groups. Histopathological analysis confirmed the healthy bone structure for naïve group animals, while the test groups exhibited bone loss in several degrees. In particular, the non-treated group animals had an intense inflammatory process. When the periodontium of the animals treated with GS10% was histopathologically analyzed, insertion periodontium was preserved. The results for these groups were significantly different of the vehicle group (p < 0.05). According to the results, the gel based in the aqueous extract of H. pectinata at 10% can prevent bone loss in experimental periodontal disease similarly to doxycycline 10%.