ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can trigger immune responses against cancer cells. The induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is one of the possible mechanisms behind this event, but the protocol conditions necessary for a robust induction of ICD by PDT have not been defined. In this work, the immunogenicity of B16F10 melanoma cells treated with different PDT protocols was investigated. The exposure of damage-associated molecules (DAMPs), namely HMGB1, calreticulin and ATP, a hallmark of ICD, and the presence of apoptotic and necrotic cells were assessed after the application of PDT mediated by different concentrations of aluminum-phthalocyanine (AlPcNE) in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo immunogenicity of PDT-treated B16F10 cells was investigated with an immunization-challenge model in C57BL/6 mice. The percentage of dead cells was directly proportional to the concentration of AlPcNE. The IC50, IC70 and IC90 concentrations of AlPcNE induced the exposure of DAMPs by B16F10 cells after PDT. In the in vivo model, however, only the B16F10 cells treated with PDT-AlPcNE at the IC50 or IC70 rendered C57BL/6 significantly more resistant to a subsequent challenge with viable B16F10 cells. Thus, the induction of ICD in B16F10 cells by PDT occurs only at a specific range of AlPcNE concentrations.
Subject(s)
Photochemotherapy , Photosensitizing Agents , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Immunogenic Cell Death , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Photochemotherapy/methods , Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo definir el crimen sexual y estudiar la relación entre los crímenes sexuales y los trastornos mentales. También se describen aspectos del peritaje psiquiátrico de las personas que han cometido delitos sexuales. La evaluación de la imputabilidad penal es extremadamente importante para ajustar, en cada caso, la aplicación de medidas de seguridad y las sanciones penales y correccionales apropiadas.
This article aims to define sexual crime, to study the relationship between sexual crimes and mental disorders. Aspects of psychiatric expertise of individuals Who have committed sex crimes are also described. The assessment of criminal imputability is extremely important in order to adjust, in each case, the application of security measures and appropriate criminal and correctional sanctions.
