Effect of freezing rates on α-amylase enzymatic susceptibility, in vitro digestibility, and technological properties of starch microparticles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of freezing rates using direct (LF: Liquid nitrogen) and indirect (RF: Cryogenic refrigerator and UF: ultra-freezer) methods at temperatures of (-20, -80, and - 196 °C) on the enzymatic susceptibility with α-amylase for microparticles. In vitro digestibility parameters and technological properties were also analyzed. Lower rates resulted in larger ice crystals, damaging the starch structure. Hydrolysis was more pronounced at slower rates RF: 0.07 °C/min and UF: 0.14 °C/min, yielding maximum values of RDS: 37.63% and SDS: 59.32% for RF. Type A crystallinity remained unchanged, with only a noted increase in crystallinity of up to 6.50% for FR. Starch pastes were classified as pseudoplastic, with RF exhibiting superior textural parameters and apparent viscosity. (RF: 7.18 J g-1 and UF: 7.34 J g-1) also showed lower values of gelatinization enthalpy. Freezing techniques were viable in facilitating the diffusion of α-amylase and reducing RS by up to 81%.

Breads formulated with avocado pulp powder as a fat substitute: Quality parameters and in vitro inhibition activities.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of increasing contents (5%-25%) of avocado pulp powder (APP) produced by foam-mat drying (FMD) as a substitute for hydrogenated vegetable fat in bread on its nutritional composition, physical properties, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, structure, and x-ray diffraction patterns. The increase in the APP content decreased the values of lipids, carbohydrates, energy, firmness, and specific volume of breads. The inhibition of lipase activity showed a pronounced increase, while the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly elevated. The color parameters a* and b* were higher in the breads with added APP. The crystalline structure transitioned from type A to type V with 15% APP incorporation. Taken together, these results suggest that APP has potential to act as a healthier substitute for saturated fats in breads, paving the way to develop creative and innovative solutions for the functionalization of bakery food products.

Evaluation of dual modification by high hydrostatic pressure and annealing on the physicochemical properties of bean starch.

This study investigated the physical modifications by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 600 MPa for 30 min/30 °C, annealing (AN) at 50 °C/24 h and the combination of both (HHP + AN and AN + HHP) applied to yellow bean starch to verify changes in morphology, X-ray diffraction, molecular order, thermal properties and pasting properties of native (NS) and modified starches. Morphological analysis showed loss of sphericity and increase in diameter with the appearance of pores on the surface after application of treatments. The AN starch showed lower values of syneresis, degree of double helix (DD), order (DO), and viscosity of the paste obtained by RVA. It exhibited a Vh-type classification with the appearance of the amylose-lipid complex. However, the gelatinization temperatures, as well as the enthalpy of gelatinization, were significantly higher. On the other hand, the starch treated with HHP showed a higher Setback (SB) value. The greatest modifications were found for the starches subjected to the combined treatments (AN + HHP) and (HHP + AN), where the order of the treatments was significant for the morpho-structural changes of yellow bean starch. According to the micrographs, the surface aspect was altered, with AN + HHP showing greater irregularities and flat yet irregular faces, as well as a larger granule diameter (147.05). The X-ray diffractogram showed a reduction in crystallinity from 28.14 % (NS) to 18.09 % (AN + HHP) and classified the starch as type "A". The double modification (HHP + AN and AN + HHP) reduced the gelatinization temperature and the enthalpy of gelatinization but had no effect on the bands of the FT-IR spectrum. There was only a reduction in the degree of order and the double helix. Finally, the treatment with AN + HHP is more effective as the gelatinization with AN facilitates the application of HHP. Both methods used are classified as physical (thermal and non-thermal), aiming to minimize environmental impacts and achieve faster and safer morpho-structural modification without leaving chemical residues in the products.

Red rice starch modification - Combination of the non-thermal method with a pulsed electric field (PEF) and enzymatic method using α-amylase.

The objective of this study was to investigate the dual modification of red rice starch using pulsed electric field (PEF) and α-amylase, focusing on morpho-structural, thermal, and viscoamylographic properties. Native starch (Control) underwent various treatments: PEF at 30 kV cm-1 (PEF30), α-amylase at 9.0 U mg-1 (AA0), and a combination of both (PEF30 + α and α + PEF30). The PEF30 + α treatment exhibited the highest degree of digestion (10.66 %) and resulted in morphological changes in the starch granules, which became elongated and curved, with an increased average diameter of 50.49 µm compared to the control. The starch was classified as type A, with a maximum reduction in crystallinity of up to 21.17 % for PEF30. The deconvolution of FT-IR bands indicated an increase in the double helix degree (DDH) for PEF30 and AA0, while the degree of order (DO) was reduced for PEF30, AA0, and PEF30 + α. DSC analysis revealed significant modifications in gelatinization temperatures, particularly for PEF30, and these changes were supported by a reduction in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) of up to 28.05 % for AA0. These findings indicate that both individual and combined treatments promote a decrease in starch gelatinization and facilitate the process, requiring less energy. Differences were observed between the formulations subjected to single and alternating dual treatments, highlighting the influence of the order of PEF application on the structural characteristics of starch, especially when applied before the enzymatic treatment (PEF + α). Regarding the viscoamylographic parameters, it was observed that AA0 presented higher values than the control, indicating that α-amylase enhances the firmness of the paste. The double modification with PEF + α was more effective in reducing syneresis and starch retrogradation, leading to improvements in paste properties. This study provided significant insights into the modification of red rice starch using an efficient and environmentally friendly approach.

New Functional Foods with Cactus Components: Sustainable Perspectives and Future Trends.

The growing interest in a healthy lifestyle has contributed to disseminating perspectives on more sustainable natural resource management. This review describes promising aspects of using cacti in the food industry, addressing sustainable, nutritional, and functional aspects of the plant's production. Our study provides an overview of the potential of cacti for the food industry to encourage the sustainable cultivation of underutilized cactus species and their commercial exploitation. The commercial production of cacti has advantages over other agricultural practices by mitigating damage to ecosystems and encouraging migration to sustainable agriculture. The application of cactus ingredients in food development has been broad, whether in producing breads, jellies, gums, dyes, probiotics, and postbiotic and paraprobiotic foods. However, in the field of probiotic foods, future research should focus on technologies applied in processing and researching interactions between probiotics and raw materials to determine the functionality and bioactivity of products.

Impact of pretreatments with ethanol and freezing on drying slice papaya: drying performance and kinetic of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics compounds.

BACKGROUND: Pretreatments of drying can represent an alternative to minimize the negative aspect process on the dry samples. Thus, the influence of ethanol (ET) and freezing (FG) as drying pretreatments was analyzed for slices of papaya. The slices (5 mm) were submitted for drying kinetics (60 °C and 1.5 m s-1 ). Drying kinetics experimental data were fitted using Page's model and a diffusive model with boundary condition of types I and III. Also the thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat) were determined and finally, the kinetics of ultrasound-assisted (40 kHz and 132 W) extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) were realized. RESULTS: The combined method (ET + FG) was more efficient in reducing the drying time of papaya slices (48%) and the model 2 simulating the boundary condition of the third type (type III) showed the best fit to the experimental data. Effective diffusivity and convective coefficient were higher for ET + FG, where the maximum reduction in water content was 91% compared to fresh slices. The pretreatments did not influence the thermal conductivity, however, they were significant in the specific heat and in the extraction of TPCs, being higher in the time of 180 min. CONCLUSION: It was confirmed in the results presented that the combined pretreatment ET + FG is the most viable for drying papaya slices. Furthermore, it was found to be the most efficient in minimizing the loss of TPCs. Therefore, this pretreatment has great potential for application in the development of high value-added foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization and Evaluation of Heat-Moisture-Modified Black and Red Rice Starch: Physicochemical, Microstructural, and Functional Properties.

This study sought to evaluate starch from black and red rice modified by heat-moisture, investigating the extraction yield, starch and amylose content, color, and phenolic compounds. The water and oil absorption capacity, whole milk and zero lactose absorption index, syneresis index, and texture were also analyzed. Microstructural analysis included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The heat-moisture treatment (HMT) reduced the extraction yield and the starch and amylose content, with native black rice starch having the highest values for these parameters. The modification also affected the color and phenolic compounds of the starch, making it darker and changing its appearance. The modification improved the absorption of water, oil, and milk, reducing syneresis and increasing stability during storage. The starch surface was altered, especially for modified black rice starch, with larger agglomerates. The type of starch also changed from A to Vh, with lower relative crystallinity. The textural properties of modified red rice starch were also significantly altered. The HMT proved to be a viable and economical option to modify the analyzed parameters, influencing the texture and physicochemical properties of pigmented rice starch, expanding its applications, and improving its stability during storage at temperatures above 100 °C.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on digestibility and morpho-structural properties of hydrothermally pre-treated red rice starch.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on digestibility and morphological and structural properties of hydrothermally pre-treated (HPT) red rice starch. The pre-treatments were performed in autoclave and cooking for the modification of rice grains and native starch. In vitro starch digestibility was performed consecutively and semi-simultaneously using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. A first-order mathematical model was used to adjust the hydrolysis kinetic data, which made it possible to calculate the surface area, hydrolysis index, and glycemic index of the starch. Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also performed to investigate the characteristics of the post-hydrolysis starch samples. The autoclaved starch HSS-A3, which was subjected to 121 °C/1.08 bar for 10 min, showed the highest in vitro digestibility values (80.08 %). Both starch samples showed increase of particle size and enzymatic digestibility after HPT. FTIR spectra of the starch samples showed that there was no appearance of new functional groups. However, XRD evidenced that HPT changed the intensity of the peaks and the type of crystallinity was changed for autoclaved starch (A3) from type A to Vh, with crystallinity ranging from 21.71 % to 26.42 %. The semi-simultaneous approach showed more advantages due to the highest in vitro digestibility as well as reducing the processing time and use of reagents.

Modification of red rice starch by a combination of hydrothermal pretreatments and α-amylase hydrolysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the modification of red rice starch by a combination of hydrothermal pretreatments and α-amylase hydrolysis. In vitro digestibility and the morphological, structural, functional, thermal, textural and rheological properties of red rice starch were evaluated. The starch submitted to autoclave (A3) obtained the highest hydrolysis yield (37.66 %) after 300 min. The morphological analysis showed that for the native starch, the granules presented a polyhedral shape and increased in diameter (2.36-394.12 µm) due to hydrothermal pre-treatments. α-Amylase (9 U mg-1) from Aspergillus oryzae modified the structure of red rice starch, presenting technological properties different from native starch. X-ray diffraction (XDR) were altered after the starch granules were cooked, showing a rupture in the amylose and amylopectin molecules, which justifies the greater absorption capacity of oil and milk. Cohesiveness, adhesiveness and apparent viscosity decreased according to HPT temperature and pressure, as well as α-amylase action.

Foaming characteristics and impact of ethanol pretreatment in drying behavior and physical characteristics for avocado pulp powder obtained by foam mat drying.

The objective of this study was to optimize the production of powdered avocado using foam mat drying. In order to achieve this, the effect of Emustab® (4, 6, and 8% w/w), goat's milk (10, 15, and 20% w/w), and whipping time (15, 20, and 25 min) on the foam physical properties of avocado pulp were evaluated. In addition, the influence of ethanol pretreatment on the drying kinetics, thermodynamic properties, and physicochemical characteristics of the powders was also assessed. An experimental design 23 with three central points was used in this study and optimized foam conditions were dried at 50, 60, and 70°C, with a fixed air speed of 1.5 m/s. Empirical and diffusive models (boundary conditions of the third type) were adjusted to the experimental data to describe the drying kinetics and to determine the process activation energy and thermodynamic properties. The final products were characterized regarding their physical properties. Optimized foam mat drying conditions were achieved when avocado pulp was whipped for 15 min and 8% of Emustab® and 20% of powdered goat milk were used as foaming agents. The use of an ethanol pretreatment and higher drying temperature (70°C) resulted in higher drying rate (1.6 × 102 /min) and shorter processing time (270 min). The ethanol pretreatment reduced the activation energy and Biot number and led to more uniform moisture distribution. The physical properties, such as water content, water activity, bulk, and tapped densities decreased with an increase in drying temperature and pretreatment with ethanol, whereas water absorption capacity increased. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this work, new information about the drying kinetics and mass transfer of the foam mat avocado pulp using ethanol as pretreatment is obtained. The results will contribute to the optimization production avocado foaming and powder. Ethanol pretreatment can represent an alternative to minimize the negative impacts on drying process and can be surely suggested as an industrial application.

Rheological and technological characterization of red rice modified starch and jaboticaba peel powder mixtures.

Properties of modified starch and its interaction with functional raw materials are of great interest to the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the rheological and technological characterization of starches modified by the action of the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and their mixtures with jaboticaba peel powder. The parameters of firmness, gumminess, and final viscosity of starches paste increased, and the tendency to setback was reduced with the addition of jaboticaba peel powder. Starches and mixtures presented shear-thinning behavior. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder to starches increased water, oil, and milk absorption capacity, while syneresis remained stable over the storage period. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder had a positive effect on native and modified starches' rheological and technological properties, qualifying it as an alternative for developing new functional food products.

Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the properties of red rice starch.

Starch is a technologically challenging polysaccharide that arouses the global interest in its modification to increase its applicability. Thus, the objective of the present work was to study the influence of enzymatic modification on the properties of red rice starch. The enzymatic modification was performed sequentially through the actions of α-amylase enzymes and amyloglucosidase using a design of experiments where several process conditions were used at sub-gelatinization temperatures. Then the native and modified starches were characterized for its physicochemical, physical, centesimal, phytochemical, morphological, and thermal properties. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch granules with α-amylase resulted in 4.46% hydrolysis and more 8.63% after the action amyloglucosidase. Results revealed that surface adsorption is more limiting than diffusion. The enzymatic hydrolysis process resulted in a reduction of the amylase and amylopectin content, as well as on all phytochemicals. After hydrolysis, granules starches presented surface alterations and tendency to become spherical. Small differences on crystallinity revealed that the enzymes had more influence on the amorphous fractions of the starch granules.

Influência da temperatura na composição centesimal da casca da pitomba (Talisia esculenta) / Influence of temperature in the centesimal composition of pitomba shell (Talisia esculenta)

A pitomba é uma fruta nativa da região amazônica e amplamente aceita no Brasil, porém somente a polpa é consumida, havendo o desperdício das cascas. A secagem é uma alternativa viável para o aproveitamento das cascas. Objetivou-se a determinação da composição centesimal da casca da pitomba e avaliação dos efeitos da temperatura (50°C, 60°C e 70°C) do processo de secagem em estufa com circulação de ar sobre esses parâmetros. As farinhas produzidas foram analisadas com relação ao teor de umidade, sólidos totais, cinzas, carboidratos, proteínas e lipídeos. O aumento da temperatura aplicada resultou em valores superiores para o teor de sólidos totais, cinzas e de lipídeos e valores inferiores para o teor de umidade e de proteínas. O elevado teor de carboidrato totais indica que a farinha da casca da pitomba é um pó com alto teor fibras.

Parâmetros de qualidade em geleias de amora-preta (Rubus sp. ) / Parameters of quality in jams of blackberry (Rubus sp. )

A produção de geleia a partir de frutos de amoreira-preta é uma opção que garante o aproveitamento da matéria prima, que é conhecida por conter elevado valor nutricional. O processamento possibilita o seu consumo durante todos os meses do ano, agregando também um maior valor ao produto final. Foram avaliadas geleias de três marcas comercias com relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, umidade, sólidos totais, atividade de água e açúcares totais. Dentre as amostras analisadas, observou-se que a amostra C apresentou menor teor de umidade, maior teor de sólidos totais, solúveis, maior grau de doçura e teor de açucares totais. A atividade de água e o potencial hidrogeniônico não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as amostras analisadas.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijo coalho comercializados no agreste pernambucano / Microbiological evaluation of cheese coalho marketed in agreste pernambucano

O queijo coalho é uma variedade produzida no nordeste brasileiro, à falta de padronização e higiene no processo produtivo e na sua comercialização pode ocasionar o desenvolvimento de microorganismos patogênicos. Portanto, objetiva-se através deste estudo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de queijos coalho comercializados em feira livre no agreste pernambucano de 6 ambulantes diferentes, verificando assim se os produtos obedecem os parâmetros exigidos na legislação vigente. As amostras foram diluídas em solução salina e foram feitas as determinações de coliformes totais, E. coli ,Staphylococcus, salmonella spp , conforme suas respectivas especificações de metodologia. Observou-se que dentre as amostras estudadas somente as marcas A e F estão de acordo com os padrões de qualidade microbiológica estabelecidos pela legislação.

Avaliação microbiológica de cookies elaborados com adição do resíduo seco da casca de abacaxi / Evaluation microbiological of cookies prepared with added of residue dry from pineapple peels

A produção de alimentos utilizando subprodutos agroindustriais como a casca de abacaxi enquanto uma das matérias-primas é uma alternativa que proporciona seu aproveitamento, além de contribuir para o valor nutricional do produto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de cookies elaborados com adição do resíduo seco da casca do abacaxi, verificando se o produto obedece aos parâmetros microbiológicos exigidos na legislção vigente. Foram elaborados cookies em 4 formulações distintas, variando a quantidade de resíduo empregada. Através da avaliação microbiológica, quantificou-se os microrganismos do grupo Coliformes, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella sp., bolores e leveduras. Constatou-se que a manipulação, conservação e higiene durante o preparo dos cookies, foi adequada com relação aos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação.

Estudo do comportamento reológico de achocolatado industrializado / Study of rheological of processed chocolate poder

A utilização de subprodutos em um novo processo resulta em maior lucro para o produtor. Entretanto, deve-se verificar a qualidade do produto final, pois a maior concentração do soro do leite pode provocar redução em parâmetros como viscosidade e sinérese. O objetivo do presente estudo é de analisar o comportamento reológico de achocolatado industrializado de duas diferentes marcas. Para leitura da viscosidade foi utilizado um viscosímetro de Brookfield, modelo DVII+Pro utilizando o splidlen nº 2 com as seguintes rotações: 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140 rpm. A partir de uma análise estatística dos dados obtidos, utilizando o software STATISTICA 7.0 obtivemos os dados referentes à tensão de cisalhamento (Pa) e taxa de deformação (s-1). Valores inferiores de viscosidade aparente e taxa de deformação foram observadas na amostra 1, Ambas as amostras, demonstraram o comportamento de um fluido não newtoniano com características semelhantes ao plástico de Bingham.

Caracterização físico-química e textural de iogurtes tipo grego comercializados na cidade de Campina Grande-PB / Characterization physical-chemical and textural of yogurts type greek commercialized in the city of Campina Grande-PB

O iogurte grego é um produto semi-sólido fermentado derivado do iogurte, sendo considerado como um produto intermediário entre os leites fermentados tradicionais e os queijos não maturados com alto teor de umidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização físico-química e textural de iogurtes tipo grego de diferentes marcas comercializadas na cidade de Campina Grande-PB. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, acidez e pH. Assim como o perfil de textura através da firmeza e consistência. A amostra D apresentou o maior valor de umidade e a amostra C o maior teor de proteínas já a amostra B apresentou maiores valores de firmeza e consistência. Foi perceptível a diferença entre os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados, no qual todas atenderam a legislação vigente. A correlação no perfil textural entre os parâmetros firmeza e consistência foram confirmados e em todas as amostras os valores foram coerentes.

Perfil de textura de doce de leite incorporado do sabor de café com diferentes concentrações de amido / Profile of texture in candy milk incorporated of the flavor of coffee with different concentrations of starch

O doce de leite é um produto alimentício muito apreciado pelos consumidores, e é obtido a partir da cocção de leite adicionado de sacarose, podendo conter também outros ingredientes como o bicarbonato de sódio e amido. O amido é utilizado, com o objetivo de aumentar a viscosidade e abrandar o efeito de arenosidade e o crescimento de cristal no doce durante o armazenamento. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de textura instrumental dos doces de leite incorporados do sabor de café, com diferentes concentrações de amido de milho, através do teste TPA em Texturômetro TAXT plus (Stable Micro Systems) onde os atributos de firmeza, coesividade, adesividade e gomosidade foram estudados. Constatou-se que a concentração do amido é diretamente proporcional ao aumento nos valores dos parâmetros de firmeza, coesividade, adesividade e gomosidade.

Caracterização físico-química do caldo de cana comercializado em feira livre / Physical-chemical characterization of canal beans marketed in a free fair

O caldo de cana é uma bebida amplamente consumida no Brasil, possui alto valor energético e sabor agradável, porém é pouco estudada. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma caracterização físico-química de 4 amostras do caldo da cana-de-açúcar comercializados na feira livre da cidade de Campina Grande-PB. As amostras foram analisadas com relação ao teor de umidade, pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, cinzas e sólidos totais. A qualidade do caldo extraído da cana de açúcar (Sacharum ssp) tem variações devido ao grau de maturação no período da colheita, porcentagem de doçura que está relacionado com o ºBrix (sólidos solúveis) e acidez, diferença no pH e na acidez de acordo com o tempo de extração, além da influencia do clima, sazonalidade e variedade da matéria prima no seu local de plantio. Observou-se que dentre as amostras analisadas, a que possui melhor qualidade com relação aos parâmetros avaliados é a amostra 4, pois apresentou maior quantidade de sólidos totais, menor teor de umidade, pH menos ácido, maior doçura e maior porcentagem de minerais.