Closure of defects in a geometric figure pattern associated with tumescent anesthesia with lidocaine in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Fechamento de defeitos em padrão de figura geométrica associado ao emprego de anestesia por tumescência com lidocaína em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The use of tumescent anesthesia with lidocaine can provide better intra- and postoperative analgesia that would benefit extensive reconstructive surgery. However, lidocaine can interfere with the healing process. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the local interference of the healing of induced and closed skin defects in a geometric pattern associated with the use of tumescent anesthesia with lidocaine in rabbits. Furthermore, we assessed its influence on cardiorespiratory parameters and postoperative analgesia. This study included 27 rabbits divided into three groups: GC (without the use of tumescence), GS (use of tumescence with 0.9% NaCl solution), and GL (use of tumescent anesthesia with lidocaine). There was no statistically significant intergroup difference in any stage of the wound healing process on macroscopic evaluations, in the angiogenesis process, or in the process of collagenization and fibroblast deposition. There were significant differences in heart rate (lower in GL), respiratory rate (higher in GC), mean arterial pressure (higher in GL), and expired concentration of isoflurane (lower in GL). There was no significant intergroup difference in the von Frey filament test or the visual analog scale score used to evaluate postoperative analgesia. We concluded that tumescent anesthesia with lidocaine does not impair postoperative tissue repair. Its use features benefits such as reducing the volume of inhaled anesthetic, maintaining the anesthesia plan, stable heart and respiratory rates, and lower hypotension during the surgical procedure.

O uso da anestesia por tumescência com lidocaína pode proporcionar melhor analgesia transoperatória e pós-operatória, o que seria um benefício em cirurgias reconstrutivas extensas. Entretanto, a lidocaína pode interferir na cicatrização. Diante disso, delineou-se um estudo a fim de avaliar a interferência local da cicatrização de defeitos cutâneos induzidos e fechados em padrão de figura geométrica, associado ao emprego de anestesia por tumescência com lidocaína em coelhos. Ademais, avaliar sua influência em parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e na analgesia pós-operatória. Foi realizado um estudo com 27 coelhos, separados em três grupos, compreendidos em GC (sem o emprego de tumescência), GS (emprego de tumescência com solução NaCl 0.9%) e GL (emprego de anestesia por tumescência com lidocaína). Não houve diferença estatística em nenhuma etapa do processo cicatricial da ferida entre os grupos, tampouco nas avaliações macroscópicas, e no processo de angiogênese, ou ainda no processo de colagenização e deposição de fibroblastos. Houve diferença significativa na frequência cardíaca (menor no GL) e na respiratória (maior no GC), na pressão arterial média (maior no GL) e na concentração expirada de isoflurano (menor no GL). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no teste de filamentos de von Frey e na Escala Visual Analógica, utilizados para avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória. Conclui-se que anestesia por tumescência com lidocaína não prejudica a regeneração tecidual após a cirurgia. O seu uso oferece benefícios como a diminuição do volume de anestésico inalatório, manutenção do plano anestésico, estabilidade das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, além de menor hipotensão durante o procedimento cirúrgico.

Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas / Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches

Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed/ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.

Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.

Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas / Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches

Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed\ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.(AU)

Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.(AU)

Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches / Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas

ABSTRACT: Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed/ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.

RESUMO: Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.

Avaliação fitoquímica e potencial cicatrizante do extrato etanólico dos frutos de Jucá (Libidibia ferrea) em ratos Wistar / Phytochemical evaluation and wound healing potential of the fruit extract ethanolic of Jucá (Libidibia ferrea) in Wistar rats

Libidibia ferrea é uma planta muito utilizada popularmente para fins terapêuticos, inclusive para acelerar processos de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. O presente trabalho pesquisou a composição química e avaliou o potencial cicatrizante do extrato etanólico dos frutos de L. ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) em ratos. Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos. De todos os animais, foi retirado um fragmento de pele do dorso e cada grupo recebeu um tratamento diferente: solução de NaCl 0,9%, digliconato de clorexidina 1%, extrato etanólico dos frutos de Libidibia ferrea 12,5% e 50%. O processo de cicatrização foi avaliado macro e microscopicamente. Para a cicatrização de pele em ratos o extrato etanólico dos frutos de L. ferrea a 12,5% é significativamente mais eficiente do que a 50%. Saponinas, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores, fenóis e taninos, sesquiterpenolactonas e outras lactonas, e antraquinonas foram encontrados no extrato.

Libidibia ferrea is a plant popularly used for therapeutic purposes, including processes to accelerate wound healing. The present investigation analyzed the chemical composition and the healing potential of ethanolic extract of the fruits of L. ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) in rats. This study used 24 Wistar rats divided into four groups. In all animals a piece of skin on the back was removed and each group received a different treatment: NaCl 0.9%, Chlorhexidine digluconate 1%, ethanol extract of the fruits of Libidibia ferrea 12.5% and 50%. The healing process was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The ethanolic extract of the fruits of L. ferrea 12.5% was significantly more efficient than the 50% healing in rat skin.

ARFI elastography of healthy adults felines testes

Background: Elastography is a promising ultrasound technique that evaluates tissue elasticity, characteristic related to the ability of a body or substance to return to its original size or shape after it is deformed by an external force. In veterinary, the research conducted for the standardization of elastography in tissue evaluation of the animals are recent and given the importance of this new ultrasound technique for studying the stiffness of various tissues and its recent application in veterinary medicine, the aims of this study were to describe the use of ARFI elastography for evaluating the testicular stroma in adults felines and to establish normal reference values for this tissue.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty five male cats were submitted to B-Mode ultrasonography and ARFI Elastography, by qualitative and quantitative analysis to describe baseline data for the study of domestic feline testes. The echotexture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) ecogenicity (hypo, hyperechoic or mixed), size (increased, decreased or normal) and contours and margins (regular or irregular) of the testes (right and left) were assessed and categorised via B-Mode ultrasound in longitudinal and transverse sections for research of structural changes, such as the presence of cystic areas or masses. Qualitative and quantitative elastography of the testes in felines was performed without difficulty and without sedation. Due to the location of the evaluated structures, there was no interference from movements that hindered the acquisition of the measurements. During qualitative elastography, the felines demonstrated a homogenous and not pliable testicular stroma. The rigidity observed in the testicles of felines was lower compared to the adjacent tissue.[...]

ARFI elastography of healthy adults felines testes

Background: Elastography is a promising ultrasound technique that evaluates tissue elasticity, characteristic related to the ability of a body or substance to return to its original size or shape after it is deformed by an external force. In veterinary, the research conducted for the standardization of elastography in tissue evaluation of the animals are recent and given the importance of this new ultrasound technique for studying the stiffness of various tissues and its recent application in veterinary medicine, the aims of this study were to describe the use of ARFI elastography for evaluating the testicular stroma in adults felines and to establish normal reference values for this tissue.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty five male cats were submitted to B-Mode ultrasonography and ARFI Elastography, by qualitative and quantitative analysis to describe baseline data for the study of domestic feline testes. The echotexture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) ecogenicity (hypo, hyperechoic or mixed), size (increased, decreased or normal) and contours and margins (regular or irregular) of the testes (right and left) were assessed and categorised via B-Mode ultrasound in longitudinal and transverse sections for research of structural changes, such as the presence of cystic areas or masses. Qualitative and quantitative elastography of the testes in felines was performed without difficulty and without sedation. Due to the location of the evaluated structures, there was no interference from movements that hindered the acquisition of the measurements. During qualitative elastography, the felines demonstrated a homogenous and not pliable testicular stroma. The rigidity observed in the testicles of felines was lower compared to the adjacent tissue.[...](AU)

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...

Conventional and doppler abdominal ultrasonography in pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Background: The first report of ultrasound evaluation in pacas was for gestational diagnosis and monitoring. However,there are no reports of the use of this technique for the evaluation of abdominal structure in pacas. Elucidating the biologyof wild species is important for preservation and potential use as experimental models for human and animal research. Assuch, this study aimed to describe an ultrasonographic view of major abdominal organs and determine the vascular indicesof abdominal aorta and renal arteries in pacas (Cuniculus paca) by Doppler mode.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adult females with a mean weight of nine kilograms were positioned into dorsal orlateral recumbency. A specific gel was applied, and transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed by a single experienced evaluator using MyLab 30 VET ultrasound equipment (ESAOTE, Italy) with 7.5 and 10.0 MHz linear transducers.Anatomy, biometry and ultrasonographic findings, such as ecogenicity, echotexture and wall thickness of main abdominalorgans (bladder, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, digestive system and ovaries), were assessed during the ultrasound scan.Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI = [PSV - EDV]/PSV) and pulsatility index (PI = [PSV - EDV]/mean velocity) of the abdominal aorta and renalarteries. The animals were healthy based on physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile. Furthermore, wedetermined that the ultrasound technique for abdominal evaluation of these animals was feasible. Major abdominal organswere accessed using conventional ultrasonography biometric values and sonographic characteristics. Doppler examinationwas used to determine mean vascular indices of the abdominal aorta and the left and right renal arteries...

Conventional and doppler abdominal ultrasonography in pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Background: The first report of ultrasound evaluation in pacas was for gestational diagnosis and monitoring. However,there are no reports of the use of this technique for the evaluation of abdominal structure in pacas. Elucidating the biologyof wild species is important for preservation and potential use as experimental models for human and animal research. Assuch, this study aimed to describe an ultrasonographic view of major abdominal organs and determine the vascular indicesof abdominal aorta and renal arteries in pacas (Cuniculus paca) by Doppler mode.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adult females with a mean weight of nine kilograms were positioned into dorsal orlateral recumbency. A specific gel was applied, and transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed by a single experienced evaluator using MyLab 30 VET ultrasound equipment (ESAOTE, Italy) with 7.5 and 10.0 MHz linear transducers.Anatomy, biometry and ultrasonographic findings, such as ecogenicity, echotexture and wall thickness of main abdominalorgans (bladder, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, digestive system and ovaries), were assessed during the ultrasound scan.Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI = [PSV - EDV]/PSV) and pulsatility index (PI = [PSV - EDV]/mean velocity) of the abdominal aorta and renalarteries. The animals were healthy based on physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile. Furthermore, wedetermined that the ultrasound technique for abdominal evaluation of these animals was feasible. Major abdominal organswere accessed using conventional ultrasonography biometric values and sonographic characteristics. Doppler examinationwas used to determine mean vascular indices of the abdominal aorta and the left and right renal arteries...(AU)

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P < 5 %) to the uteroplacental, fetal aorta and umbical arteries, constant values in the uteroplacental artery EDV (P > 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...(AU)

B-mode ultrasound and doppler mode for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-Tzu bitches

Background: The very first sign to confirm pregnancy in bitches is the gestacional sac detection. In this primary moment, it is very small with only few millimeters. The average time for gestational sacs visualization is approximately 20 days after mating (2 mm) surrounded by a thin hyperechoic wall (trophoblasts). The Doppler is a new method for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches. The measurement of velocity peak and vascular resistance index of the corpus luteum are used for such purpose. The precocity on detection pregnancy in bitches is an important tool for differential diagnosis between physiologic uterine alterations and uterine diseases. The aim of the current study was to assess the effi ciency of the B-mode and Triplex Doppler ultrasound for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-Tzu bitches, using ecobiometry of the gestational sac and corpus luteum vascular index. Materials, Methods & Results: Ten healthy Shi-Tzu bitches were evaluated. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out using the B-mode. The ecobiometry of the gestational sac were characterized by the variables the outer (OLL) and inner (ILL) latero-lateral diameters, and the outer (ODV) and inner (IDV) dorso-ventral diameters. The corpus luteum vascularization was studied by the sistolic velocity peak (PVS), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), vascular resistance (RI) and pulsativity indexes (PI) using the Triplex Doppler. The ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on days 14.2 ± 2.04 post mating. The earliest pregnancy diagnosis occurred on day 12. Positive correlation on linear regression was observed between ILL and IDV and the date of the pregnancy diagnosis (r2 = 0.7 and P = 0.0027; r2 = 0.7 e P = 0.0025, respectively). On corpus luteum Triplex Doopler assessment, PVS was 11.67 ± 2.53 cm/s, EDV was 5.52 ± 1.6 cm/s, PI was 1.04 ± 0.45 and RI was 0.61 ± 0.1. Discussion: Early diagnosis observed in the present study for canine pregnancy is an important differential in veterinary obstetrics. Gestational sac was detected in the uterine horn on the 20th day post LH peak, 18 days following ovulation in a Beagle bitch and the ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy was performed 18-24 days following the fi rst and last mating, respectively, in Yorkshire dogs. Those results highlighted the difference between the dates for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis among different canine breeds. The precocity for the ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis depends on the visualization of the gestational sac, which is directly related to embryogenesis. The assessment of the ecobiometry of the gestational sacs may aid on the early-stage ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis in bitches. The values of corpus luteum vascular index in Shi-Tzu bitches in the current study were different from those found in other trial in bitches and in women. Such values may be justifi ed by the differences on the corpus luteum structures between the canine and human species. Regarding to Triplex Doppler in pregnant bitches, the values of PI and EDV could be determined, which hadn't been reported before in veterinary medicine for the study of corpus luteum blood flow. In conclusion, the detection of pregnancy on early-stage using ultrasound examination is feasible in Shi-Tzu bitches, by the 12th day post conception. It was also possible to determinate important ecobiometry values of the gestacional sac and corpus luteum vascular index using Triplex Doppler.