Refractive errors among Saudi college students and associated risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among freshman students of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), and to examine the relationship of near-work activities and outdoor activities with refractive errors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 338 freshman students of IAU (162 males, 176 females) was carried out. Students were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Eye examination was done including non-cycloplegic autorefraction for determining the refractive error status. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤-0.75 diopters (D), and it was further divided into low myopia (SER from -0.75 D to -2.99 D), moderate myopia (SER from -3.00 to -5.99 D), and high myopia (SER ≤-6.00 D). Hyperopia was defined as SER ≥1.00 D and emmetropia as having an SER value between that of low myopia and hyperopia. SER was calculated as sphere + 1/2 cylinder. A questionnaire detailed on activities was completed by participants. RESULTS: Myopia was found in 47.9% of the students (95% CI 42.7%-53.3%). The most prevalent type of myopia was low myopia (66.7%; 95% CI 59.1%-73.5%). Hyperopia and emmetropia were found in 6.5% (95% CI 4.3%-9.7%) and 45.6% (95% CI 40.3%-50.9%) of the students, respectively. Parental myopia was significantly associated with the myopic status of the students (P=0.007, Fisher's exact test). About 6% of myopic students had a history of myopia in both parents. In addition, both parents had a history of myopia in 1.9% of emmetropic students, whereas such an association was absent in the hyperopic students. Refractive error type in both genders was not significantly predicted by the activity type. CONCLUSION: Although the different types of activities did not predict the types of refractive errors, the high prevalence of myopia among the college students at this age requires further studies to explore more about the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the disease.

A Case of Subacute Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Thrombosis, What was Wrong?

BACKGROUND The introduction of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) into the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was thought to be a promising step in solving the issues raised with the use of early bare metal stents (BMS) and drug eluting stents (DES); however, studies have raised concerns regarding thrombosis risk associated with the use of these stents. CASE REPORT A 42-year-old male presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), on diagnostic coronary angiography he had 75% and 70% stenosis in mid and distal left anterior descending artery (LAD) respectively, PCI with BVS implantation was done. A week later, he came with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to an in-stent thrombosis. Procedures to open the LAD were done with multiple balloon angioplasties and aspiration thrombectomy, following aggressive dilatation there was a class-III perforation which was sealed by covered stent. A second look angiography was done which showed patent LAD and well expanded stents.  CONCLUSIONS Since several factors play a role in decision-making regarding the selection of patient in whom BVS usage can be beneficial, larger studies are needed. Moreover, the safety profile of BVS should be investigated thoroughly.