Development of fluorescence probe for spectrofluorimetric determination of viloxazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical form and rat plasma; additional pharmacokinetic study.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological condition frequently identified in early childhood and frequently co-occurs with other neuropsychological disorders, particularly autism. Viloxazine hydrochloride, a non-stimulant medication, has recently gained approval for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This paper describes the first spectrofluorimetric method for precisely measuring the content of viloxazine in pharmaceutical capsules and rat plasma. This method employed NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) as a fluorescent probe, which transformed viloxazine in an alkaline environment into a remarkably sensitive fluorescent adduct. Upon excitation at 476 nm, this adduct becomes detectable at a wavelength of 536 nm. The method was validated using ICH criteria, revealing acceptable linearity across a concentration range of 200-2000 ng/ml and high sensitivity with LOD and LOQ values of 46.774 ng/ml and 141.741 ng/ml, respectively. This method was adeptly applied in a pharmacokinetic study of viloxazine in rat plasma following a single oral dose (10 mg/kg), yielding a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1721 ng/ml, achieved within 1.5 h. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the technique was assessed using two greenness assessment tools, revealing a notable level of eco-friendliness and sustainability.

Paper based analytical devices for ions determination in nasal secretions demonstrating association with olfactory function.

Nasal ions environment plays a crucial role in maintaining nasal physiology and supports olfactory transmission. Addressing the limited research on nasal ion levels and their association with olfactory function, paper-based sensors were developed for determination of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride in the nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots from beetroot were incorporated into paper substrate where sensors were designed with ion association complexes for sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride enhancing the recognition sensing capabilities. The sensors composition was optimized, including ion-exchange materials and plasticizers, to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The performance of the sensors is evaluated based on Nernstian slope, dynamic range, detection limit and response time. Selectivity of the sensors was tested and the results demonstrated high selectivity for the target ions. The sensors were successfully determined sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels in nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. The results revealed elevated calcium levels in patients with olfactory dysfunction, highlighting associated diagnostic implications. This suggests that the proposed sensors could serve as a diagnostic tool for olfactory evaluation, particularly in resource-constrained settings where access to advanced diagnostic tools is limited.

Application of signal processing techniques for the spectroscopic analysis of dolutegravir and lamivudine: a comparative assessment and greenness appraisal.

HIV treatment has greatly improved over the years, with the introduction of antiretroviral drugs that target the virus and suppress its replication. Dolutegravir and lamivudine are two such antiretroviral drugs that are commonly used in HIV treatment regimens. Herein, three spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra were developed for the simultaneous analysis of dolutegravir and lamivudine in their binary mixtures. These methods include mathematical processing stages like ratio difference method or signal processing approaches such as the first derivative of the ratio spectra, and continuous wavelet transform. The developed spectrophotometric methods exploit the characteristic spectral differences between dolutegravir and lamivudine in order to quantify them simultaneously. These methods have shown promising results in terms of sensitivity and selectivity as validated per the ICH guidelines. Moreover, these methods offer a straightforward and economical alternative to more intricate analytical methodologies like high-performance liquid chromatography. By incorporating the analytical eco-scale and AGREE for greenness evaluation of the proposed methods, we can further ensure that these techniques are effective and environmentally friendly, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. This evaluation will provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental friendliness of these spectrophotometric methods in pharmaceutical analysis.

Unveiling the altered metabolic pathways induced by nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer via GC-MS metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate analysis.

This research investigates the effects of the immunotherapeutic agent nivolumab on the metabolism of lung cancer cells (NCI-H1975) using GC-MS metabolomic profiling. Multivariate analysis such as unsupervised PCA and supervised OPLS-DA along with univariate analysis and pathway analysis were employed to explore the metabolomic data and identify altered metabolic pathways induced by nivolumab treatment. The study revealed distinct metabolic alterations in cancer cells, linked to proliferative and survival advantages, such as enhanced glycolysis, increased glutaminolysis, and modified amino acid metabolism. Key findings indicate elevated levels of glycolysis-related metabolites (glycine, alanine, pyruvate, and lactate) and TCA cycle intermediates (succinate, fumarate, malate) in cancer cells, with a significant decrease following nivolumab treatment. Additionally, lower levels of aspartic acid and citrate in cancer cells imply altered nucleotide synthesis and fatty acid production essential for tumor growth. Treatment with nivolumab also reduced oleic acid levels, indicative of its effect on disrupted lipid metabolism. Our research shows nivolumab's potential to modify metabolic pathways involved in lung cancer progression, suggesting its dual role in cancer therapy: as an immune response modulator and a metabolic pathway disruptor.

Synchronous spectrofluorimetry and chemometric modeling: A synergistic approach for analyzing simeprevir and daclatasvir, with application to pharmacokinetics evaluation.

Simeprevir and daclatasvir represent a cornerstone in the management of Hepatitis C Virus infection, a global health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. In this study, we propose a synergistic approach combining synchronous spectrofluorimetry and chemometric modeling i.e. Partial Least Squares (PLS-1) for the analysis of simeprevir and daclatasvir in different matrices. Moreover, the study employs firefly algorithms to further optimize the chemometric models via selecting the most informative features thus improving the accuracy and robustness of the calibration models. The firefly algorithm was able to reduce the number of selected wavelengths to 47-44% for simeprevir and daclatasvir, respectively offering a fast and sensitive technique for the determination of simeprevir and daclatasvir. Validation results underscore the models' effectiveness, as evidenced by recovery rates close to 100% with relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP) of 2.253 and 2.1381 for simeprevir and daclatasvir, respectively. Moreover, the proposed models have been applied to determine the pharmacokinetics of simeprevir and daclatasvir, providing valuable insights into their distribution and elimination patterns. Overall, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of synchronous spectrofluorimetry coupled with multivariate calibration optimized by firefly algorithms in accurately determining and quantifying simeprevir and daclatasvir in HCV antiviral treatment, offering potential applications in pharmaceutical formulation analysis and pharmacokinetic studies for these drugs.

Zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles ameliorate testicular dysfunction due to levofloxacin-induced oxidative stress in rats.

The present work is aimed to assess the protective influence of zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles against oxidative stress-associated testicular dysfunction. The number of 50 male albino rats were randomly separated into five groups (n = 10): Group I, control: rats gavage distilled water orally; Group II, Levofloxacin: rats that administered Levofloxacin (LFX) softened in distilled water at a dosage of 40 mg/kg-1 BW orally every other day; Group III, Zn-RSV: rats administered with Zn-RSV (zinc oxide resveratrol in distilled water at a dose 20 mg/kg-1 BW orally every other day; Group IV, (LFX + Zn-RSV): rats that were administered with Levofloxacin along with Zn-RSV nPs; Group V, Levofloxacin + Zn: rats were administered with Levofloxacin and Zno at a dose of 20 mg/kg-1 BW orally every other day as mentioned before. This study lasted for 2 months. Sera were collected to assess luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone values. Testicular tissues were utilized to evaluate levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Semen samples were utilized to measure their quality (motility, concentration, and vitality). Histopathological and immune histochemical techniques investigated the morphological changes in the testis. Rats treated with Levofloxacin showed significantly lower levels of serum LH, testosterone, FSH, testicular enzymatic NO, catalase, SOD, BAX, and BCL-2 immune reactivity and sperm quality but significantly greater testicular malondialdehyde and caspase-3 immuno-reactivity Compared to both control and zinc oxide resveratrol treatment. Zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles ameliorated the harmful side effects of Levofloxacin. Improvements were more pronounced in the co-treatment (LFX + Zn-RSV) Zinc oxide resveratrol group than in the co-treatment (LFX + Zno) Zinc oxide group. Zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles could be a possible solution for levofloxacin oxidative stress-induced fertility problems.

Therapeutic implications of dapagliflozin on the metabolomics profile of diabetic rats: A GC-MS investigation coupled with multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder with systemic implications, necessitating the search for reliable biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the metabolomics profile alterations in diabetic rats, with a focus on the therapeutic effects of Dapagliflozin, a drug known to inhibit renal glucose reabsorption, using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. METHODS: A GC-MS based metabolomics approach combined with multivariate and univariate statistical analyses was utilized to study serum samples from a diabetic model of Wistar rats, treated with dapagliflozin. Metabolomics pathways analysis was also performed to identify the altered metabolic pathways associated with the disease and the intervention. RESULTS: Dapagliflozin treatment in diabetic rats resulted in normalized levels of metabolites associated with insulin resistance, notably branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. Improvements in glycine metabolism were observed, suggesting a modulatory role of the drug. Additionally, reduced palmitic acid levels indicated an alleviation of lipotoxic effects. The metabolic changes indicate a restorative effect of dapagliflozin on diabetes-induced metabolic perturbations. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive metabolomics analysis demonstrated the potential of GC-MS in revealing significant metabolic pathway alterations due to dapagliflozin treatment in diabetic model rats. The therapy induced normalization of key metabolic disturbances, providing insights that could advance personalized diabetes mellitus management and therapeutic monitoring, highlighting the utility of metabolomics in understanding drug mechanisms and effects.

A fluorescence chemo sensor approach for determination of finerenone in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma: Method development and validation.

Finerenone, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has gained recent approval for treating cardiovascular and kidney-related conditions. Herein, an innovative fluorescence chemo sensor was developed for the determination of finerenone in the pharmaceutical dosage form and the plasma matrix. The method is basically based on chemical transformation of finerenone into a fluorescent product through sequential reactions. This transformation occurs through a sequence of steps involving the interaction of finerenone with trimethylamine, resulting in the formation of a nucleophilic intermediate that subsequently reacts with bromoacetyl bromide to form fluorescent product, (S)-N-(2-bromoacetyl)-4-(4-cyano-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-ethoxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide. The formed fluorescent product exhibits defined emission peak at 338 nm when excited at 248 nm. Significant concentration-dependent fluorescence enhancement was obtained enabling precise finerenone determination in the pharmaceutical formulation and plasma matrix. The method was optimized and validated providing sensitive determination over linearity range of 1-200 ng/mL with a lower limit of detection at 0.280 ng/mL. This strategy provides an efficient, economical substitute and straightforward, more sensitive analytical method for finerenone assessment in various matrices, in contrast to the previously published method, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which is expensive and time-consuming.

Efficient and eco-friendly detection of gabapentin using nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: an analytical and green chemistry approach.

This study presents the development of an eco-friendly and highly selective mitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot based sensor (N-CQDs) for the detection of gabapentin - a commonly misused drug. A detailed characterization of N-CQDs spectral features and their interaction with gabapentin is provided. The optimal conditions for sensing, including pH value, buffer volume, N-CQDs concentration, and incubation time, were established. The results showed excellent fluorescence quenching at 475 nm (λex = 380 nm) due to the dynamic quenching mechanism, and the sensor demonstrated excellent linearity in the 0.5-8.0 µg mL-1 concentration range with correlation coefficients of more than 0.999, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.160 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.480 µg mL-1. The accuracy of the proposed sensor was acceptable with a mean accuracy of 99.91 for gabapentin detection. In addition, precision values were within the acceptable range, with RSD% below 2% indicating good repeatability and reproducibility of the sensor. Selectivity was validated using common excipients and pooled plasma samples. The proposed sensor accurately estimated gabapentin concentration in commercial pharmaceutical formulations and spiked plasma samples, exhibiting excellent comparability with previously published methods. The 'greenness' of the sensing system was evaluated using the Analytical GREEnness calculator, revealing low environmental impact and strong alignment with green chemistry principles with a greenness score of 0.76. Thus, the developed N-CQDs-based sensor offers a promising, eco-friendly, and effective tool for gabapentin detection in various situations, ranging from clinical therapeutics to forensic science.

Green Synthesis of Low-Glycemic Amylose-Lipid Nanocomposites by High-Speed Homogenization and Formulation into Hydrogel.

In this research, we focused on the production of amylose-lipid nanocomposite material (ALN) through a green synthesis technique utilizing high-speed homogenization. Our aim was to investigate this novel material's distinctive physicochemical features and its potential applications as a low-glycemic gelling and functional food ingredient. The study begins with the formulation of the amylose-lipid nanomaterial from starch and fatty acid complexes, including stearic, palmitic, and lauric acids. Structural analysis reveals the presence of ester carbonyl functionalities, solid matrix structures, partial crystallinities, and remarkable thermal stability within the ALN. Notably, the ALN exhibits a significantly low glycemic index (GI, 40%) and elevated resistance starch (RS) values. The research extends to the formulation of ALN into nanocomposite hydrogels, enabling the evaluation of its anthocyanin absorption capacity. This analysis provides valuable insights into the rheological properties and viscoelastic behavior of the resulting hydrogels. Furthermore, the study investigates anthocyanin encapsulation and retention by ALN-based hydrogels, with a particular focus on the influence of pH and physical cross-link networks on the uptake capacity presenting stearic-acid (SA) hydrogel with the best absorption capacity. In conclusion, the green-synthesized (ALN) shows remarkable functional and structural properties. The produced ALN-based hydrogels are promising materials for a variety of applications, such as medicine administration, food packaging, and other industrial purposes.

Assessing the Oxidative State of the Skin by Combining Classical Tape Stripping with ORAC Assay.

The antioxidant barrier system of the skin acts as the main defence against environmental pro-oxidants. Impaired skin oxidative state is linked to unhealthy conditions such as skin autoimmune diseases and cancer. Thus, the evaluation of the overall oxidative state of the skin plays a key role in further understanding and prevention of these disorders. This study aims to present a novel ex vivo model to evaluate the skin oxidative state by the measurement of its antioxidant capacity (AOC). For this the ORAC assay was combined with classical tape stripping and infrared densitometry to evaluate the oxidative state of the stratum corneum (SC). Outcomes implied the suitability of the used model to determine the intrinsic antioxidant capacity (iAOC) of the skin. The average iAOC of untreated skin was determined as 140 ± 7.4 µM TE. Skin exposure to UV light for 1 h reduced the iAOC by about 17%, and exposure for 2 h decreased the iAOC by about 30%. Treatment with ascorbic acid (AA) increased the iAOC in a dose-dependent manner and reached an almost two-fold iAOC when 20% AA solution was applied on the skin. The application of coenzyme Q10 resulted in an increase in the iAOC at low doses but decreased the iAOC when doses > 1% were applied on the skin. The results show that the combination of classical tape stripping and ORAC assay is a cost-effective and versatile method to evaluate the skin oxidative state and the pro-oxidate and antioxidative effects of topical skin treatments on the iAOC of the skin. Therefore, the model can be considered to be a valuable tool in skin research.

Assessing the Dermal Penetration Efficacy of Chemical Compounds with the Ex-Vivo Porcine Ear Model.

(1) Background: The ex vivo porcine ear model is often used for the determination of the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. This study investigated the influence of the post-slaughter storage time of porcine ears on the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. (2) Methods: Six different formulations (curcumin and different fluorescent dyes in different vehicles and/or nanocarriers) were tested on ears that were (i) freshly obtained, (ii) stored for 24 or 48 h at 4 °C after slaughter before use and (iii) freshly frozen and defrosted 12 h before use. (3) Results: Results showed that porcine ears undergo post-mortem changes. The changes can be linked to rigor mortis and all other well-described phenomena that occur with carcasses after slaughter. The post-mortem changes modify the skin properties of the ears and affect the penetration efficacy. The onset of rigor mortis causes a decrease in the water-holding capacity of the ears, which leads to reduced penetration of chemical compounds. The water-holding capacity increases once the rigor is released and results in an increased penetration efficacy for chemical compounds. Despite different absolute penetration values, no differences in the ranking of penetration efficacies between the different formulations were observed between the differently aged ears. (4) Conclusions: All different types of ears can be regarded to be suitable for dermal penetration testing of chemical compounds. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and/or skin hydration of the ears were not correlated with the ex vivo penetration efficacy because both an impaired skin barrier and rigor mortis cause elevated skin hydration and TEWL values but an opposite penetration efficacy. Other additional values (for example, pH and/or autofluorescence of the skin) should, therefore, be used to select suitable and non-suitable skin areas for ex vivo penetration testing. Finally, data from this study confirmed that smartFilms and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent superior formulation strategies for efficient dermal and transdermal delivery of curcumin.

Improved Antioxidant Capacity of Black Tea Waste Utilizing PlantCrystals.

Antioxidants are recommended to prevent and treat oxidative stress diseases. Plants are a balanced source of natural antioxidants, but the poor solubility of plant active molecules in aqueous media can be a problem for the formulation of pharmaceutical products. The potential of PlantCrystal technology is known to improve the extraction efficacy and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of different plants. However, it is not yet proved for plant waste. Black tea (BT) infusion is consumed worldwide and thus a huge amount of waste occurs as a result. Therefore, BT waste was recycled into PlantCrystals using small-scale bead milling. Their characteristics were compared with the bulk-materials and tea infusion, including particle size and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in-vitro. Waste PlantCrystals possessed a size of about 280 nm. Their AOC increased with decreasing size according to the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assays. The AOC of the waste increased about nine-fold upon nanonization, leading to a significantly higher AOC than the bulk-waste and showed no significant difference to the infusion and the used standard according to DPPH assay. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the PlantCrystal technology represents a natural, cost-effective plant-waste recycling method and presents an alternative source of antioxidant phenolic compounds.

PlantCrystals-Nanosized Plant Material for Improved Bioefficacy of Medical Plants.

PlantCrystals are obtained by milling plant material to sizes <10 µm. Due to the disruption of the plant cells, active compounds are easily released, rendering the PlantCrystal technology an effective and low-cost process for the production of environmentally friendly plant extracts. The extracts can be used to produce phytomedicines, nutritional supplements or cosmetic products. Previous studies could already demonstrate the use of PlantCrystals to improve the antimicrobial or antifungal activity of different plants. This study investigated whether PlantCrystal technology is suitable to produce plant derived formulations with high antioxidant capacity. The study also aimed to identify the most suitable production methods for this. METHODS: Various plant materials and parts of plants, i.e., seeds, leaves and flowers, and different methods were employed for the production. PlantCrystals were characterized regarding size, physical stability and antioxidant capacity (AOC). RESULTS: PlantCrystals with particles <1 µm were produced from the different plant materials. Both production methods, i.e., high-pressure homogenization, bead milling or the combination of both were suitable to obtain PlantCrystals. Nano milling of the plant material greatly affected their AOC and resulted in formulations with distinctly higher AOC when compared to classical extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Rendering plant material into small sized particles is highly effective to obtain plant extracts with high biological efficacy.