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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 18(3): 436-45, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20814830

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The change in light intensity that takes place when an ambient air sample is drawn into the detection chamber of a chemiluminescence monitor generates changes in the concentrations of several species, such as NO(2), NO and O(3). Although this phenomenon has been known for several decades, there is still no commonly accepted approach on when or how to correct for it in NO(2) and O(3) readings. DISCUSSION: In this work, we have assessed the expanded uncertainty of two chemiluminescence NO( x ) analysers commercially available according to EN 14211:2005, with the aim of establishing the maximum allowable standard uncertainty due to the reaction between NO and O(3) in the sampling system. CONCLUSION: Although this maximum allowable uncertainty cannot be a universal value-as it will depend on the performance of each analyser-our results have led us to propose the conservative value of 2%. We have also proposed a methodology for improving data quality which could be easily implemented by those responsible for air quality data validation.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/chemistry , Luminescent Measurements/methods , Nitric Oxide/chemistry , Nitrogen Dioxide/chemistry , Ozone/chemistry , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/standards , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Luminescent Measurements/instrumentation , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Nitric Oxide/standards , Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis , Nitrogen Dioxide/standards , Ozone/analysis , Ozone/standards , Uncertainty
2.
J Hazard Mater ; 159(2-3): 264-70, 2008 Nov 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18367326

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to estimate the consequences to buildings from the pressure wave caused by unconfined vapour cloud explosions (VCEs). This methodology is based on the use of characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves, shown in a previous paper [F. Diaz Alonso, E. Gonzalez Ferradas, J.F. Sanchez Perez, A. Miñana Aznar, J. Ruiz Gimeno, J. Martinez Alonso, Characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves for vapour cloud, explosions using the TNO Multi-Energy model, J. Hazard. Mater. A137 (2006) 734-741]. They allow the overpressure and impulse at each distance from the explosion to be determined. Since they can be combined with damage criteria (such as those shown by the PROBIT equations), they can be used to perform consequence analysis as the damage is shown in the same diagram as the overpressure, impulse and distance. Since damages suffered by buildings usually affect people inside, it is important to take them into account when performing consequence analysis. This is done in this paper, where diagrams and equations are presented to determine minor damage to buildings (broken windows, displacement of doors and window frames, tile displacement, etc.), major structural damage (cracks in walls, collapse of some walls) and collapse (the damage is so extensive that the building is partially or totally demolished). This paper completes the consequence analysis to humans outdoors shown by F.D. Alonso et al. [F. Diaz Alonso, E. Gonzalez Ferradas, T. Jimenez Sanchez, A. Miñana Aznar, J. Ruiz Gimeno, J. Martinez Alonso, Consequence analysis to determine the damage to humans from vapour cloud explosions using characteristic curves, J. Hazard. Mater., in press].


Subject(s)
Explosions , Accidents, Occupational , Algorithms , Models, Statistical , Pressure
3.
J Hazard Mater ; 150(1): 146-52, 2008 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17544582

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to provide a methodology to facilitate consequence analysis for vapour cloud explosions (VCE). Firstly, the main PROBIT equations to evaluate direct damage on humans from those accidents (eardrum rupture, death due to skull fracture, death due to whole body impact and lung damage) are discussed and the most suitable ones are selected. Secondly, a new methodology is developed to relate characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves for VCE, obtained in a previous paper (F. Diaz Alonso et al., Characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves for vapour cloud explosions using the TNO Multi-Energy model, J. Hazard. Mater. A137 (2006) 734-741) with the selected PROBIT equations. This methodology allows the determination of damage as a function of distance to the accident's origin in only one step, using explosion energy and VCE Multi-Energy charge strength as input parameters.


Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational , Blast Injuries , Explosions , Accidents, Occupational/mortality , Blast Injuries/etiology , Blast Injuries/mortality , Blast Injuries/pathology , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hemorrhage/mortality , Humans , Lung Diseases/etiology , Lung Diseases/mortality , Lung Injury , Regression Analysis , Skull Fractures/etiology , Skull Fractures/mortality , Tympanic Membrane Perforation/etiology , Volatilization
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