Structure analysis of the La Guajira-Colombia population: a genetic, demographic and genealogical overview.

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether cultural factors, as compared to geographical distance, have produced a population sub-structure among different groups from the La Guajira population (Amerindian Wayúu and other resident groups) that co-exist within the same region. AIMS: The aims of this study were to analyse this population to discover whether cultural barriers result in the sub-structure, to evaluate whether there is a genetic drift effect and to describe migration dynamics using a genetic, genealogical and demographic approach. SUBJECTS: This study examined a sample of 290 individuals who were grouped based on a genealogical criterion to distinguish between native individuals and migrants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using demographic information, the age and gender structure of the population and genetic drift estimators were analysed. Using 15 autosomal microsatellites, heterozygosity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), inbreeding, sub-structure, recent migration rate and genetic relationships were also evaluated using a Principal Component analysis (PCA) using reference populations. RESULTS: La Guajira is a young population that is growing and exposed to a moderate effect of genetic drift (Neme 11.903). The Wayúu are highly diverse (Ho 0.727) and different from other groups, with the exception of Wayúu-Guajiro. This trend was also observed in other Amerindian populations. CONCLUSION: This study found a high level of admixture and gene flow within the Wayúu population despite cultural differences. Thus, although the Wayúu population differs from other population groups, it is not an isolated population.

Comparación entre lidocaína tópica, intravenosa y en el interior del globo del tubo endotraqueal para disminuir la tos tras la extubación en la educción anestésica / Comparison of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine for reducing coughing after extubation during emergence from general anesthesia

OBJETIVOS: Comparar el efecto del uso tópico, intravenoso, así como en el interior del globo del tubo endotraqueal de la lidocaína para disminuir la tos en la educción anestésica.PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron pacientes deestado físico ASA I y II, mayores de 18 años de edad,programados para cirugía electiva bajo anestesia generalbalanceada con intubación orotraqueal, con unaduración de entre 60 y 120 minutos. Se distribuyeron alazar entre lidocaína intravenosa, tópica, en el interiordel globo del tubo endotraqueal o en el grupo control.Las variables numéricas se describieron utilizandomedia M y desviación estándar (M±DE) o mediana eintervalo intercuartilar [MD(25-75)] en dependencia dela distribución que mostrase. Las variables categóricasse describen con frecuencias (n) y porcentajes (%). Lascomparaciones entre múltiples grupos se realizaron conANOVA, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis o χ2 según correspondiera. Se consideró significancia estadística cuando P fue menor a 0,05.RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 80 pacientes y se pudieronanalizar 78. La tos se presentó en 13 pacientes (65%) enel grupo control, en 5 (26,3%) en el grupo tópico, en 3(15,8%) en el grupo del globo y en 3 (16%) en el grupointravenoso (p < 0,05).CONCLUSIONES: La lidocaína intravenosa y en el interiordel globo del tubo endotraqueal disminuyen de unaforma estadísticamente significativa la incidencia de tosen la educción anestésica

OBJETIVOS: To compare the effect of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine on reducingcoughing during emergence from general anesthesia.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with an ASA physicalstatus of I or II were enrolled if they were over 18 years of age and scheduled for elective surgery lasting between 60 and 120 minutes under balanced anesthesia withorotracheal intubation. Enrolled patients were randomlyassigned to one of 3 treatment groups (intravenouslidocaine, topical lidocaine, or intracuff lidocaine) or to the control group. Numerical variables were describedas mean (SD) or median and interquartile range,depending on distribution. Categorical variables weredescribed using frequencies (number) and percentages.Multiple-group comparisons were performed usinganalysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test, or the χ2test, as appropriate. A level of P<.05 was considered tobe statistically significant.RESULTS: We enrolled 80 patients; data for 78 wereentered into analysis. Thirteen patients (65%) presentedcoughing in the control group, 5 (26.3%) in the topicallidocaine group, 3 (15.8%) in the intracuff group, and 3(16%) in the intravenous group (P<.05).CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine and intracufflidocaine significantly reduce the incidence of coughing during emergence from anesthesia (AU)

[Comparison of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine for reducing coughing after extubation during emergence from general anesthesia]. / Comparación entre lidocaína tópica, intravenosa y en el interior del globo del tubo endotraqueal para disminuir la tos tras la extubación en la educción anestésica.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine on reducing coughing during emergence from general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with an ASA physical status of I or II were enrolled if they were over 18 years of age and scheduled for elective surgery lasting between 60 and 120 minutes under balanced anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups (intravenous lidocaine, topical lidocaine, or intracuff lidocaine) or to the control group. Numerical variables were described as mean (SD) or median and interquartile range, depending on distribution. Categorical variables were described using frequencies (number) and percentages. Multiple-group comparisons were performed using analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test, or the chi2 test, as appropriate. A level of P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: We enrolled 80 patients; data for 78 were entered into analysis. Thirteen patients (65%) presented coughing in the control group, 5 (263%) in the topical lidocaine group, 3 (15.8%) in the intracuff group, and 3 (16%) in the intravenous group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine and intracuff lidocaine significantly reduce the incidence of coughing during emergence from anesthesia.

Postembryonic sensory axon guidance in Drosophila.

The peripheral sensory system of the Drosophila adult has been used for the genetic analysis of axon guidance because of its accessibility for experimental manipulation and mutant screens. Wing, leg, antenna, or eye sensory axons are able to pathfind normally under different perturbations, indicating that sensory axon guidance is a highly canalized process. Similarly to other model systems, sensory growth cones seem to use multiple, simultaneous cues for guidance. In addition, sensory axons from peripheral structures seem to be capable of using alternative substrates for pathfinding. Developmental regulation could account for the high stability of axon guidance under experimental and natural perturbation conditions. Despite this flexibility, functional characterization of genes involved in sensory axon guidance is being carried out in situations where there appears to be less system redundancy.

Control of neural precursor specification by proneural proteins in the CNS of Drosophila.

Formation of neural precursors in Drosophila is determined by proneural genes. The distinctive pattern of expression of some genes of the achaete-scute complex in the embryonic neuroectoderm has prompted the speculation that they could also function in the specification of neural precursor identity in the CNS. To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the capacity of different proneural proteins to promote the development of a particular CNS precursor, the MP2 precursor. Our results indicate that: (i) all known proneural proteins are similarly able to support the formation of a neural precursor at the position of MP2; (ii) different proneural proteins promote the expression of different characteristics of MP2; and (iii) a totally normal specification of the MP2 fate can only be attained by the proneural genes achaete or scute.

[Surgical treatment of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. Retrospective study]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides. Estudio retrospectivo.

This is a review of the surgical treatment in six patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was eight years (range four-twelve years). Clinical presentation was: all patients had a palpable thyroid tumor, palpable lymph nodes in four and one with lung metastases. The initial surgical treatment was lobectomy and modified regional lymph nodes resection. Four patients underwent a second operation for multifocal disease, palpable lymph node or thyroid tumor. The interval from initial surgical management to the detection of recurrence ranging from one month to four years. In three patients the remaining thyroid gland was removed. Radioiodine, external irradiation and chemotherapy were given during the postoperative. The median follow-up was eight years (range one-fifteen years). All patients are alive with thyroid hormone therapy by hypothyroidism. There were no hypoparathyroidism or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The results of this study suggest that the surgical approach in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is total thyroidectomy because reoperation were performed in four patients.