ABSTRACT
(1) Background: Pakistani women are among one of Catalonia's most affected groups by obesity and cardiovascular disease. The design of health education strategies for them has become a compelling need. This paper aims to enlighten the elaboration and evaluation procedure of culturally and linguistically tailored nutrition education materials for Pakistani women participating in the PakCat Program, which aims to evaluate the efficacy of a nutrition education strategy allowing the participants to become ambassadors of healthy eating habits for their community. (2) Methods: In this Randomised Control Trial (RCT), 137 Pakistani women (70 from the intervention and 67 from the control group) took part. We conducted 10 sessions for the intervention group and 3 sessions for the control group in the form of small groups. The sessions were conducted in Urdu and Punjabi, and the material was translated into Urdu, Catalan, Spanish and English. For some sessions, we elaborated on new materials and for others, we adapted them from the existing nutrition material in aspects of language and culture. We evaluated the nutritional material from the observation carried out by the dietician who developed the sessions, participants' feedback at the end of the sessions and a satisfaction questionnaire. (3) Results: We summarised the elaborated material in form of two multilingual nutritional guidelines about portion size and heart-healthy foods. We also registered several materials generated for the PakCat program such as an infographic about myths and beliefs related to food, a booklet to read and interpret the food labels, a recipe book for healthy snacks, and an infographic of 10 tips for healthy eating. We also organised a PhotoVoice exhibition of 70 healthy plates elaborated by the intervention group participants. The participants highly appreciated the material in terms of visualization, cultural and linguistic adequacy, and level of comprehension through all three evaluation methods. (4) Conclusions: The design of culturally and linguistically tailored nutrition education material for Pakistani women living in Catalonia is attainable and effective to meet their specific needs. The healthy dietary recommendation can be adapted to them preserving their traditional dietary pattern, and they acquire the confidence to start following a healthy diet.
Subject(s)
Diet, Healthy , Health Education , Female , Humans , Pakistan , Spain , Health Education/methods , HabitsABSTRACT
Subclinical thyroid disease is a biochemical diagnosis and is common during pregnancy. Because of the physiological hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy and the absence of normal ranges for thyroid hormones during this period, subclinical thyroid disease is difficult to interpret during pregnancy. Subclinical hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has few clinical consequences and no treatment is required. In contrast, subclinical hypothyroidism seems to improve with thyroxine treatment. Iodine supplements during pregnancy and lactation, even in iodine-sufficient areas, are also indicated.
Subject(s)
Hyperthyroidism/diagnosis , Hyperthyroidism/drug therapy , Hypothyroidism/diagnosis , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Adult , Embryonic Development , Female , Fetal Diseases/etiology , Fetal Diseases/prevention & control , Humans , Hyperthyroidism/blood , Hypothyroidism/blood , Iodine/administration & dosage , Iodine/deficiency , Iodine/therapeutic use , Lactation , Nutritional Requirements , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/blood , Puerperal Disorders/drug therapy , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/blood , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
La disfunción tiroidea subclínica es de diagnóstico bioquímico y es una entidad frecuente durante la gestación. Los cambios hormonales fisiológicos que acontecen durante la gestación, junto con la falta de valores de referencia de las hormonas tiroideas en este periodo, hacen que la disfunción tiroidea subclínica sea de difícil interpretación. Mientras el hipertiroidismo subclínico en la gestación carece de repercusión clínica y no requiere una actuación específica, el hipotiroidismo subclínico, en ese periodo, parece beneficiarse del tratamiento sustitutivo con tiroxina. Los suplementos de yodo en la gestación y lactación son necesarios incluso en zonas de yodosuficiencia (AU)
Subclinical thyroid disease is a biochemical diagnosis and is common during pregnancy. Because of the physiological hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy and the absence of normal ranges for thyroid hormones during this period, subclinical thyroid disease is difficult to interpret during pregnancy. Subclinical hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has few clinical consequences and no treatment is required. In contrast, subclinical hypothyroidism seems to improve with thyroxine treatment. Iodine supplements during pregnancy and lactation, even in iodine-sufficient areas, are also indicated (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Hyperthyroidism/diagnosis , Hypothyroidism/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Hyperthyroidism/drug therapy , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Iodine/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , Thyroxine/therapeutic use , Thyroid HormonesABSTRACT
En la práctica clínica son frecuentes los pacientes con disfunción tiroidea subclínica. Es decir, pacientes con concentraciones de tirotropina (TSH) fuera de los valores de referencia pero con concentraciones de tiroxina libre y triyodotironina libre normales. En el presente artículo, se describe qué es la disfunción tiroidea subclínica, se revisa su epidemiología, se recomienda el abordaje más apropiado, se evalúan los riesgos y beneficios del tratamiento y se establece la utilidad de su cribado en ciertos grupos de población. En definitiva, son limitadas las evidencias que sugieren una asociación de la disfunción tiroidea subclínica con ciertos síntomas o con el beneficio o riesgos de su tratamiento. Las consecuencias de la disfunción tiroidea subclínica (TSH: 0,1-0,45 mU/l o 4,5-10 mU/l) son escasas y no se puede recomendar el tratamiento rutinario de estos pacientes. Asimismo, no se puede recomendar el cribado indiscriminado de la población. No obstante, se debe buscar con insistencia en mujeres embarazadas de riesgo, mujeres mayores de 60 años y en ciertos grupos de riesgo (AU)
Patients with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) outside the reference range and levels of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine within the reference range are common in clinical practice. In the present article, subclinical thyroid disease is defined and its epidemiology reviewed. Recommendations on appropriate evaluation and the risks and benefits of treatment and consequences of non-treatment are explored. The question of whether population-based screening is warranted is also discussed. Data supporting an association between subclinical thyroid disease and symptoms or adverse clinical outcomes or benefits of treatment are scarce. The consequences of subclinical thyroid disease (serum TSH 0.1-0.45 mU/l or 4.5-10.0 mU/l) are minimal and recommendations against routine treatment of patients with TSH levels in these ranges are provided. There is insufficient evidence to support population-based screening. Nevertheless, pertinacious case finding is appropriate in pregnant women at risk, women older than 60 years, and others at high risk for thyroid dysfunction (AU)
