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1.
Radiologia (Engl Ed) ; 66(2): 121-131, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38614529

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyse the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main Spanish radiology departments. RESULTS: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analysed in depth throughout the article. In Spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyse data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender inequality is declining, in radiology women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. Work must be done in order to build a diverse and inclusive profession that reflects demographic reality.


Subject(s)
Feminization , Radiology , Female , Humans , Male , Spain , Radiography , Radiologists
2.
Radiología (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 66(2): 121-131, Mar.- Abr. 2024. graf, tab, ilus, mapas
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-231514

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Existen desigualdades por razón de género en todos los ámbitos, incluyendo la radiología. Aunque la situación está mejorando, la presencia de radiólogas en puestos de liderazgo continúa siendo minoritaria. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la situación de la mujer en la radiología española, comparándola con Europa y EE. UU. Materiales y métodos: Seleccionamos como franja de referencia los años 2000-2022 para hacer una comparación con datos de feminización a lo largo de la historia. Además también se incluyeron datos puntuales relevantes del recién comenzado 2023. Las variables en las que investigamos la feminización fueron las siguientes: estudiantes de medicina, médicos graduados, residentes y especialistas en radiodiagnóstico, jefes de sección, jefes de servicio, tutores de residentes de radiodiagnóstico, radiólogos profesores universitarios, presidentes de las principales entidades y sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU., receptores de los principales galardones de dichas sociedades radiológicas y editores jefe de sus revistas. Para ello realizamos una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica, contactamos con las sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU. y realizamos una encuesta a los principales servicios de radiodiagnóstico de España. Resultados: La presencia femenina en radiología va disminuyendo a medida que ascendemos a puestos de liderazgo, situación que se constata tanto en España como en Europa y EE. UU., comparativa que analizaremos en profundidad a lo largo del artículo. En los hospitales españoles en el año 2021 había un 58,1% de mujeres residentes de radiodiagnóstico, 55% de radiólogas, 42,9% de jefas de sección y 24,4% de jefas de servicio. En la historia de la SERAM ha habido un 10% de mujeres presidentas, un 22% de mujeres medallas de oro y un 5% de editoras jefe. Analizando los datos del año 2000 al 2023 el porcentaje de presidentas alcanza el 32% y las mujeres medalla de oro el 31%.(AU)


Introduction: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyze the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. Materials and methods: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main spanish radiology departments. Results: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analyzed in depth throughout the article. In spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyze data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Sexism , 57444 , Leadership , Feminization , Radiology , Spain
3.
Sanid. mil ; 70(4): 282-287, oct.-dic. 2014. tab, ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-131780

ABSTRACT

The training of combat, transport or helicopter pilots and flight, combat vehicles and warship crews imply a big effort in terms of economic resources, time and logistics for our Armed Forces (FAS). Therefore, it is the responsibility of the Military Health Service to maintain the aptitudes and the skills of our personnel in the best possible conditions for the longest period of time, thus procuring the maximum operating capacity required for the accomplishment of their missions. In this paper it is reviewed and proposed anti-diabetic drugs that may be safely used by pilots, flight, combat vehicles and warship crews, appreciating those that do not produce hypoglycemia neither cause side effects that can compromise the operating capacity. It is recommended and encouraged personnel with pre-diabetic condition to modify their life style and to initiate treatment with metformin, in order to delay or to avoid the onset of diabetes and extend their operating life. It is also encouraged the use of those anti-diabetic agents that best preserve the function of the pancreatic beta cell, therefore delaying the need for insulin based therapy


la formación de un piloto de combate, transporte o helicóptero, tripulaciones de vuelo y vehículos de combate y dotaciones de buques de guerra, supone un gran esfuerzo en cuestión de recursos económicos, de tiempo y medios logísticos para nuestras Fuerzas Armadas (FAS). Por tanto, es responsabilidad de la Sanidad Militar velar por mantener en las mejores condiciones y durante el mayor tiempo posible las aptitudes y capacidades de nuestro personal de vuelo, vehículos de combate y embarcado, procurando así la máxima operatividad para el cumplimiento de las misiones que el mando pudiera requerir. En este artículo se hace una revisión y propuesta de aquellos fármacos antidiabéticos susceptibles de ser utilizados con seguridad por pilotos, tripulaciones de aeronaves y vehículos de combate y dotaciones de buques de guerra, valorando que no produzcan hipoglucemias ni causen efectos secundarios que comprometan la operatividad. Se recomienda y estimula a aquellos que presenten un estado prediabético a modificar su estilo de vida y tratamiento con metformina para retrasar o evitar la aparición de una diabetes prolongando su vida operativa. Se estimula a quienes presenten una diabetes tipo 2 la utilización de aquellos antidiabéticos que mejor preserven la función de la célula beta para retrasar la necesidad de tratamiento insulínico


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Military Personnel/psychology , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Military Nursing/education , Military Nursing/legislation & jurisprudence , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Military Personnel/education , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemical synthesis , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Military Nursing/economics , Military Nursing/instrumentation , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Anti-Bacterial Agents/supply & distribution
4.
Sanid. mil ; 68(4): 211-215, oct.-dic. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-109682

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La elevación del ácido úrico sérico (AUS) y el síndrome metabólico (SM), son condiciones que se relacionan con la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de SM así como la concentración de AUS en una población de pilotos de líneas aéreas, varones y determinar la relación entre las concentraciones de AUS con respecto a la presencia o ausencia de SM. Métodos: Población de 402 pilotos de líneas aéreas, todos varones. Para diagnóstico de SM se utilizó la definición establecida por la National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III. Las concentraciones de AUS se consideraron elevadas por encima de 7 mg/dl. Resultados: El 18,7% de los pilotos tuvieron concentraciones elevadas de AUS y el 7,2% de los pilotos presentó SM. El riesgo de presentar SM por tener el AUS elevado frente al riesgo que presentaron los pilotos con AUS normal (razón de prevalencias) fue de 5,4 superior (intervalo de confianza al 95% entre 2,7 y 10,7 y con una significación de p<0,001). La concentración sérica de AU se encuentra incrementada en 1,1 mg/dl (IC95%: 0,7 a 1,5 mg/dl) en los individuos con SM (p<0,001) con respecto a los que no lo presentan. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados demuestran que los pilotos con niveles de ácido úrico elevado presentan una prevalencia de SM 5,4 veces superior a aquellos con niveles de ácido úrico normal y que existe una correlación lineal positiva entre el aumento de la concentración de AUS y el número de criterios diagnósticos de SM (AU)


Introduction: The increase in the uric acid serum levels and the metabolic syndrome are conditions independently related to cardiovascular disease. Objective: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the levels of serum uric acid in a population of airline pilots and to establish possible relationships between levels of uric acid and the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. Methods: We studied a population of 402 male airline pilots. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was established according the definition of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III. The serum uric acid was considered elevated when higher than 7 mg/dl. Results: We found that 18.7 % of pilots presented elevated levels of serum uric acid and 7.2 % had metabolic syndrome. The pilots with increased levels of serum uric acid had 5.4 higher risk (prevalence’s ratio) of having metabolic syndrome than those pilots with normal uric acid, (95% confidence interval between 2.7 and 10.7 with a statistical significance of p<0.001). Subjects with metabolic syndrome presented a mean levels of serum uric acid 1.1 mg/dl (IC95%: 0,7 a 1,5 mg/dl) higher than those pilots without the syndrome (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that pilots with uric acid level elevated have a prevalence of metabolic syndrome 5.4 times higher than those with normal level of uric acid, and that there is a positive lineal correlation between the increasing concentrations of serum uric acid and the number of metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Uric Acid/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Aerospace Medicine
5.
Sanid. mil ; 68(3): 157-162, jul.-sept. 2012. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-109672

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La exposición del hombre a altos niveles de aceleraciones origina la aparición de síntomas y signos clínicos, incluyendo el riesgo de pérdida de conciencia que puede comprometer la seguridad en vuelo, constituyendo el entrenamiento en centrifuga humana un método útil para mejorar la tolerancia a las altas aceleraciones. Material y métodos: En un grupo de 81 pilotos de combate que recibieron entrenamiento en una centrifuga humana avanzada, exponiéndose a un nivel de aceleración de +7 Gz durante 15 segundos, con una velocidad de comienzo de 6 G/segundo, se evaluó la aparición de síntomas y signos. También se estudió la tolerancia individual relajada a las aceleraciones. Resultados: Del total de la población de pilotos, 96,3% experimentó síntomas visuales (visión gris 88,9%, visión en túnel 72,9% y visión negra 39,5%). El 90,1% presentó petequias cutáneas, 88,6% astenia y 75,8% inestabilidad y vértigo. Un 60,5% refirió haber tenido dolores musculares en antebrazos, 58% en muslos, 40,7% en brazos, 30,9% en cuello, 23,5% en abdomen, 20,5% en tórax y 20,3% en codos. También se determinó en ellos la tolerancia relajada al aumento gradual de aceleraciones en la centrífuga, estableciéndose en 4,79 ± 0,81 +Gz, oscilando entre 3,40 +Gz el de menor tolerancia y 6,86 +Gz el de mayor. Conclusiones: Comparando el nivel de tolerancia individual relajada con los síntomas hallados, se observa como los pilotos con mayor y menor tolerancia natural a las fuerzas Gz experimentaron visión negra con mayor frecuencia que aquéllos con tolerancia intermedia. No se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre el nivel de tolerancia individual a las fuerzas Gz y la frecuencia de aparición de petequias, astenia, mareos y dolores músculo-esqueléticos de diversa localización (AU)


Introduction: The man exposure to high acceleration level produces the appearance of signs and symptoms, including the risk of loss of consciousness, that may compromise flight safety, and the training in human centrifuge is an useful method to improve the high acceleration tolerance. Material and methods: We assessed the appearance of symptoms and signs in a group of 81 fighter pilots who underwent advanced human centrifuge training, by exposing themselves to a 7 Gz for 15 seconds, with an on-set rate of 6 G/ second. We also studied the individual relaxed G tolerance level. Results: Visual symptoms were reported by 96,3% (greyout 88,9%, tunnel vision 72,9%, blackout 39,5%). We found that 90,1% presented petechials hemorrhages, 8,6% reported fatigue and 75’8 % disorientation or vertigo. Musculoskeletal pain was commonly reported affecting to different body parts: to forearms in 60,5%, to the thighs in 58%, to the arms in 40,7%, to the neck in 30,9%, to the abdomen in 23,5%, to the chest in 20,5% and to the elbows in 20,3% of the pilots. The average relaxed G-level tolerance was established in 4,79 ± 0,81 Gz, with a range between 3,40 Gz and 6,86 Gz, by using a centrifuge gradual on-set rate. Conclusions: Comparing the G level tolerance with the symptoms and signs, we found a significant greater prevalence of blackout among pilots with the biggest and the least tolerance than among those pilots with intermediate tolerance. We have not found any differences between the G level tolerance and the prevalence of petechiae, weariness, vertigo or musculoskeletal aches of different locations (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Gravity, Altered/adverse effects , Acceleration/adverse effects , Purpura/etiology , Dizziness/etiology , Asthenia/etiology , Fatigue/etiology , Vision Disorders/etiology
6.
Sanid. mil ; 65(1): 8-12, ene.-mar. 2009. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-87034

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Actually the flight shammers are a fundamental part in the programs of the pilots’ training. It is denominated«Syndrome by movement in shammer», to the group of symptoms and signs that appear in the pilot during the flight in the shammer. The main objective of the present study is to determine the symtomatology incidence that appears during the flight in shammer and to relate it with diverse variables. Methods. 125 pilots of helicopter of the Spanish armed forces were studied that went to the Center of Shammers of F.A.M.E.T to carry out a period of training in shammer. The study has been performed with a survey executed by all the fellows, where personal data were included, previous conditions to the flight in the shammer and appearance of symptoms and signs during the flight. Results. The clinic incidence during the flight was of 60.8% (76 pilots). The most frequent symptoms during the flight were fatigue, drowsiness, stomach uneasiness, tired view and sweat. This clinic was increased mainly by the gyros and landings. The intensity of the clinic was bigger in the pilots than they had described bigger susceptibility to the sicknessin real flight and in flight in shammer, in the pilots that described to have had to modify in some occasion the flight in shammer for clinic of sickness and in the pilots that flew in visual and instrumental combined flights or with night vision goggles. Conclusions. The main conclusion of the study is that the cinetosis in shammers is very frequent mainly in those susceptible pilots, independently of its experience and hours of flight (AU)


Los simuladores de vuelo son, hoy en día, una parte fundamental en los programas de entrenamiento de los pilotos. Se denomina Síndrome por movimiento en simulador», al conjunto de síntomas y signos que aparecen en el piloto durante el vuelo en el mismo. El principal objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la incidencia de sintomatología que aparece durante el vuelo en simulador y relacionarla con diversas variables. Material y Métodos. Se estudió a 125 pilotos de helicóptero de las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas que acudieron al Centro de Simuladores de las Fuerzas Aeromóviles del Ejército de Tierra para realizar un periodo de entrenamiento en simulador. El estudio se ha valido de una encuesta estructurada y cumplimentada por todos los sujetos, donde se incluían datos personales, condiciones previas al vuelo en el simulador y aparición de síntomas y signos durante el mismo. Resultados. La incidencia de manifestaciones clínicas durante el vuelo fue del 60,8% (76 pilotos). Los síntomas más frecuentes durante el vuelo fueron fatiga, somnolencia, malestar de estómago, vista cansada y sudoración. Esta clínica se agravó sobre todo por los virajes y aterrizajes. La intensidad de la clínica fue mayor en los pilotos que habían descrito mayor susceptibilidad al mareo en vuelo real y en vuelo en simulador, en los pilotos que describieron haber tenido que modificar en alguna ocasión el vuelo en simulador por clínica de mareo y en los pilotos que volaron en vuelos combinados visuales e instrumentales o con gafas de visión nocturna. Conclusiones. La principal conclusión del estudio es que la cinetosis en simuladores s muy frecuente, sobre todo en aquellos pilotos susceptibles, independientemente de su experiencia y horas de vuelo (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Simulation Exercise , Motion Sickness/diagnosis , Aircraft , Risk Factors
7.
Av. diabetol ; 24(4): 327-332, jul.-ago. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-68047

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población de pilotos de transporte pertenecientes a diferentes aerolíneas españolas, que pasaron un reconocimiento psicofísico en el Centro de Instrucción de Medicina Aeroespacial (CIMA) en 2007. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal en una muestra de 1.048 pilotos de transporte varones, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 65 años (media 41,87 ± 10,7 años). El diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico se realizó conforme a las definiciones del Adult Treatment Panel III del National Cholesterol Education Program (ATP-III) y de la International Federation Diabetes (IDF). La prevalencia global de síndrome metabólico fue del 14,9% según la definición del ATP-III y del 22,7% de acuerdo con la definición de la IDF. Los componentes diagnósticos del síndrome metabólico más prevalentes fueron: 1) aumento de la presión arterial en el 37,8%; 2) hiperglucemia, incluyendo glucosa alterada en ayunas y diabetes, en el 31,9%; 3) aumento de triglicéridos en plasma en el 24,1%; 4) obesidad abdominal definida en el 18,2% (definición del ATP-III) y el 45,6% (definición de la IDF), y 5) bajos niveles del colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (c-HDL) en plasma en el 8,6%. Entre los pilotos que fueron diagnosticados de síndrome metabólico de acuerdo con la definición del ATPIII, un 83,3% presentaba elevación de la presión arterial, un 82,7% hiperglucemia, un 73,1% niveles altos de triglicéridos, un 66% obesidad abdominal y un 28,8% bajos niveles de c-HDL. También observamos que la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico aumenta con la edad: en el grupo de pilotos de menos de 35 años la prevalencia fue del 4% (ATP-III) y el 8,4% (IDF); en el grupo con edades comprendidas entre los 35 y los 50 años fue del 13,6% (ATP-III) y el 20,5% (IDF), y en el grupo de entre 50 y 65 años de edad fue del 30,1% (ATP-III) y el 43,8% (IDF). En los grupos de más edad se constató un aumento significativo de la prevalencia de cuatro de los criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico: elevación de presión arterial, hiperglucemia, obesidad abdominal y aumento de triglicéridos en plasma; esa mayor prevalencia no se observó en relación con la disminución deL c-HDL


The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was assessed in a population of transport pilots of different Spanish airlines that underwent their psychophysical examination at the Centro de Instrucción de Medicina Aeroespacial (CIMA) during the year 2007. A cross sectional study was conducted in a population of 1,048 male transport pilots, aged 20-65 years (mean age of 41.87 ± 10.7 years). The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was established according to the definitions of the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) and of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 14.9% using the ATP-III definition and 22.7% according to the IDF definition. The most prevalent components responsible of the metabolic syndrome in our study were: 1) elevated blood pressure in 37.8%; 2) hyperglycemia including impaired fasting glucose and diabetes in 31.9%; 3) increased plasma triglycerides in 24.1%; 4) abdominal obesity in 18.2% (ATP-III definition) and 45.6% (IDF definition); and 5) low plasma HDL-cholesterol in 8.6%. In the group of pilots diagnosed of metabolic syndrome according to the ATP-III definition: 83.3% had high blood pressure, 82.7% hyperglycemias, 73.1% high triglyceride level, 66% abdominal obesity and 28.8% low HDL cholesterol level. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome significantly increases in ageing pilots: in the group of pilots under 35 years we found a prevalence of 4% (ATP-III) and 8.4 (IDF); in the group with age between 35 and 50 years is 13.6% (ATP-III) and 20.5% (IDF), and in the older group with age between 50 and 65 years is 30.1 and 43.8% (IDF). The prevalence of four metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria: elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity and elevated plasma triglycerides significantly increase with age, significance which was not observed with regard to the low HDL cholesterol


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Aging/metabolism , Aging/physiology , Triglycerides/analysis , Triglycerides/blood , Risk Factors , Hypertension/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Triglycerides/metabolism , Triglycerides/physiology
8.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 49(6): 202-206, jun. 2002. tab, ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-15353

ABSTRACT

Se describe la evolución de prolactinomas en 2 pacientes de una misma familia con síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1. El diagnóstico se realizó precozmente en dos hermanos con edades de 21 y 14 años, sin síntomas, mediante técnicas de cribado hormonal y genético, y se confirmó mediante resonancia magnética de la hipófisis. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de prolactina se normalizaron en ambos pacientes tras tratamiento con agonistas dopaminérgicos. Sin embargo, mientras en uno de los pacientes la masa tumoral llegó a desaparecer totalmente, en el segundo siguió creciendo por lo que se requirió cirugía transesfenoidal (AU)


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1/complications , Prolactinoma/physiopathology , Prolactinoma/drug therapy , Hyperparathyroidism/complications , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use
9.
Rev Clin Esp ; 184(4): 168-73, 1989 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2740542

ABSTRACT

60 patients with mild arterial hypertension are studied, divided into three groups according to their heart rate (HR): 20 with heart rate below 70 b.p.m.; 20 with heart rate between 70 and 80 b.p.m., and 20 with heart rate above 80 b.p.m. In every group, 10 patients were treated with atenolol and the other 10 patients with chlorthalidone. The cases of bad tolerance or bad response to any of these drugs were included in the other subgroup, so that a total number of 71 responses to drugs were studied. It has been found that the hypertension in patients having HR above 80 b.p.m. has a better response to atenolol. On the other hand, in patients having HR below 70 b.p.m. the response is better to chlorthalidone. In those patients with HR between 71 and 79 a similar response to both drugs is observed, nevertheless the decrease of the diastolic pressure is significantly bigger with atenolol. We arrive at the conclusion that when the HR is above 70 b.p.m. and especially above 80 b.p.m., better results are obtained using atenolol than chlorthalidone.


Subject(s)
Atenolol/therapeutic use , Chlorthalidone/therapeutic use , Heart Rate , Hypertension/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged
11.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 76(4): 164-8, 1981 Feb 25.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6782394

ABSTRACT

In 15 women with either isolated amenorrhea or amenorrhea associated to galactorrhea the basal levels of PRL allowed a clear differentiation into three groups. The first group (n = 3) had normal PRL levels (x +/- SD, 8.0 +/- 4.8 ng/ml), the second group (n = 4) had moderately elevated PRL (25.6 +/- 6.5 ng/ml), and the third group (n = 8) had very high PRL (176.0 +/- 76.1 ng/ml). All the patients in the third group had a pituitary adenoma. In the three groups the basal levels of FSH and LH and their response to GnRH were measured with the purpose of uncovering possible relationships between these results and the levels of PRL, and the tumoral or non-tumoral origin of the hyperprolactinemia when it was present. No statistically significant differences were found amongst the three groups. The results suggest that hyperprolactinemia has no influence upon gonadotrophin release or the endogenous release of GnRH. The measurement of plasma gonadotrophins and their response to GnRH appears to be of no clinical value for the differential diagnosis of the hyperprolactinemias.


Subject(s)
Amenorrhea/blood , Galactorrhea/blood , Lactation Disorders/blood , Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/blood , Adenoma/blood , Adult , Amenorrhea/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Galactorrhea/complications , Humans , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones/pharmacology , Pituitary Neoplasms/blood , Pregnancy , Prolactin/blood
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