ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To conduct an economic evaluation of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring on the basis of current evidence from pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury, through a statistical model. METHODS: The statistical model is a decision tree, whose branches take into account the severity of the lesion, the hospitalization costs, and the quality-adjusted life-year for the first 6 months post-trauma. The inputs consist of probability distributions calculated from a sample of 33 surviving children with severe traumatic brain injury, divided into two groups: with ICP monitoring (monitoring group) and without ICP monitoring (control group). The uncertainty of the parameters from the sample was quantified through a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The model overcomes the drawbacks of small sample sizes, unequal groups, and the ethical difficulty in randomly assigning patients to a control group (without monitoring). RESULTS: The incremental cost in the monitoring group was Mex$3,934 (Mexican pesos), with an increase in quality-adjusted life-year of 0.05. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was Mex$81,062. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve had a maximum at 54% of the cost effective iterations. The incremental net health benefit for a willingness to pay equal to 1 time the per capita gross domestic product for Mexico was 0.03, and the incremental net monetary benefit was Mex$5,358. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the model suggest that ICP monitoring is cost effective because there was a monetary gain in terms of the incremental net monetary benefit.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Intracranial Pressure/physiology , Models, Statistical , Monitoring, Physiologic , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Child , Decision Support Techniques , Female , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Mexico , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Monitoring, Physiologic/standards , Pediatrics , Quality-Adjusted Life YearsABSTRACT
Introducción: El traumatismo craneoencefálico severo (TCES) es una entidad grave. La monitorización de la presión intracraneal (PIC) permite dirigir el tratamiento, el cual es de limitado acceso en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia clínica de pacientes pediátricos con TCES. Pacientes y método: Se incluyeron pacientes con TCES, edad entre 1 y 17 años, previo consentimiento informado de los padres y/o tutores. Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedades crónicas o retraso psicomotor. Los pacientes ingresaron desde el Servicio de Urgencia, donde se les realizó scanner cerebral (TAC), clasificándose las lesiones por Escala de Marshall. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos según criterio neuroquirúrgico: con monitorización (CM) y sin monitorización (SM) de presión intracraneana. La monitorización de la PIC se realizó a través de un catéter intraparenquimatoso 3PN Spiegelberg conectado a un monitor Spiegelberg HDM 26. Los pacientes fueron tratados de acuerdo a las guías pediátricas para TCES. Se consideró la supervivencia como los días transcurridos entre el ingreso hospitalario y el fallecimiento, o su evaluación por Escala de Glasgow para un seguimiento de 6 meses. Resultados: Cuarenta y dos pacientes (CM = 14 y SM= 28). Aquellos con monitorización tenían menor puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow y clasificación de Marshall con peor pronóstico. En ellos la supervivencia fue menor y el resultado moderado a bueno. No se registraron complicaciones con el uso del catéter de PIC. Conclusión: Pacientes con monitorización tuvieron mayor gravedad al ingreso y una mayor mortalidad; sin embargo, el resultado funcional de los sobrevivientes fue de moderado a bueno. Se requiere de la realización de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para definir el impacto de la monitorización de la PIC en la supervivencia y calidad de vida en estos pacientes.
Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring can be used to direct treatment, which is of limited access in developing countries. Objective: To describe the clinical experience of pediatric patients with severe TBI. Patients and Method: A clinical experience in patients with severe TBI was conducted. Age was 1-17 years, exclusion criteria were chronic illness and psicomotor retardation. Informed consent was obtained in each case. Two groups were formed based on the criterion of neurosurgeons: with and without intracraneal pressure (ICP) monitoring. PIC monitoring was performed through a 3PN Spiegelberg catheter and a Spiegelberg HDM 26 monitor. Patients were treated according international pediatric guides. The characteristics of both groups are described at 6 months of follow-up. Results: Forty-two patients (CM=14 and SM=28). Those in the CM Group had lower Glasgow coma scale score and Marshall classification with poorer prognosis. Among them survival rate was lower, although the outcome was from moderate to good. No complications were reported with the use of the ICP catheter. Conclusion: Patients with ICP monitoring had greater severity at admission and an increased mortality; however, the outcome for the survivors was from moderate to good. It is necessary to conduct randomized clinical trials to define the impact of ICP monitoring on survival and quality of life in severe TBI patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Intracranial Pressure/physiology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology , Health Services Accessibility , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Prognosis , Quality of Life , Glasgow Coma Scale , Trauma Severity Indices , Survival Rate , Follow-Up Studies , Developing CountriesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring can be used to direct treatment, which is of limited access in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical experience of pediatric patients with severe TBI. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A clinical experience in patients with severe TBI was conducted. Age was 1-17 years, exclusion criteria were chronic illness and psicomotor retardation. Informed consent was obtained in each case. Two groups were formed based on the criterion of neurosurgeons: with and without intracraneal pressure (ICP) monitoring. PIC monitoring was performed through a 3PN Spiegelberg catheter and a Spiegelberg HDM 26 monitor. Patients were treated according international pediatric guides. The characteristics of both groups are described at 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (CM=14 and SM=28). Those in the CM Group had lower Glasgow coma scale score and Marshall classification with poorer prognosis. Among them survival rate was lower, although the outcome was from moderate to good. No complications were reported with the use of the ICP catheter. CONCLUSION: Patients with ICP monitoring had greater severity at admission and an increased mortality; however, the outcome for the survivors was from moderate to good. It is necessary to conduct randomized clinical trials to define the impact of ICP monitoring on survival and quality of life in severe TBI patients.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology , Health Services Accessibility , Intracranial Pressure/physiology , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Developing Countries , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glasgow Coma Scale , Humans , Infant , Male , Prognosis , Quality of Life , Survival Rate , Trauma Severity IndicesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prematurity is considered the main factor of neonatal mortality in developed countries (60 to 80% of cases). OBJECTIVE: To determine if obstetric morbidity and/or prematurity are associated with neonatal death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns since January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2004 was studied. Neonatal mortality was compared according to the number of prenatal visits, single or multifetal pregnancy, the presence or not of preeclampsia/eclampsia, cesarean section or vaginal delivery, and duration of rupture of membranes, stratifying by weeks of gestational age or by preterm and term gestation, as it was convenient. Chi-square test and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated (CI). RESULTS: There was not significant statistical difference in neonatal mortality at less number of prenatal visits, between single and twin pregnancies, in the presence of preeclampsia/eclampsia and pregnancies without complications, when they were stratified by group of gestational age. When it was controlled gestational age, malformations and maternal-fetal and obstetrical morbidity, there was not difference in mortality of neonates born vaginally or by cesarean section. It was observed an increased risk or neonatal mortality in preterm neonates with 48 hours or more of rupture of membranes (OR 3.05 CI 95% 1.64-5.66) CONCLUSIONS: Performing and stratified analysis, prematurity was the factor associated with neonatal mortality, and not the number of prenatal visits, multifetal pregnancy, preeclampsia/eclampsia, or cesarean section. The duration of rupture of membranes is an independent factor of prematurity for neonatal mortality.
Subject(s)
Infant Mortality/trends , Infant, Premature , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of maternal risk factors and evaluate their impact on neonatal mortality in a regional perinatal center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns was studied between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2004. Maternal antecedents were registered in a data base: sociodemographic; medical history; obstetric antecedents of previous pregnancies; as well as evolution of current pregnancy and birth. Newborn birth weight, gestational age and condition at discharge were registered too. Neonates who died were considered cases and controls those discharged alive. Mortality was compared to the presence or absence of risk factors in maternal medical history. Prevalence, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, and attributable fraction in the exposed and the population were calculated with the SPSS 8.0 and Epi Info 6.4 programs. RESULTS: The most notable maternal factors associated with newborn mortality were maternal age > or = 30 years OR 1.5 (1.37-2.0), less than 7 prenatal exams OR 2.17 (1.52-3.09) (53.5% attributable fraction in the exposed and 23.3% in population), eclampsia OR 4.66 (2.82-7.64), type-II diabetes OR 5.41 (2.11-12.99), urinary tract infection OR 1.98 (1.40-2.78), positive serology to human immunodeficiency virus OR 41.75 (5.77-230.9), membrane rupture > or = 48 hours OR 22.99 (13.10-40.2), polyhydramnios OR 31.53 (19.12-51.6) and abruptio placentae OR 42.18 (21.06-83.1). CONCLUSIONS: Transpartum risk factors had a larger impact on mortality than pregnancy or pregestational factors.
Subject(s)
Infant Mortality/trends , Pregnancy Complications , Female , Hospitals , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mexico , Pregnancy , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Perinatal clinical picture allows identifying psychosocial features in pregnant women, them medical, obstetrical, and pregnancy history, present delivery, and neonatal mortality risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To know prevalence of maternal risk factors and evaluates them impact on neonatal mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns was studied between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2004. Maternal sociodemographic and obstetrical history was registered in a database; as well as weight, gestational age, and neonate discharge condition. Dead neonates were considered cases and controls those discharged alive. Mortality was compared with maternal history. Prevalence, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, and exposed and population attributable fraction were calculated with the SPSS 8.0 and Epi Info 6.4 applications. RESULTS: Maternal factors associated with newborn mortality were: maternal age > or = 30 years OR 1.5 (1.37-2.0), less than seven prenatal consultations OR 2.17 (1.52-3.09), 53.5% of attributable fraction in exposed and 23.3% in population, eclampsia OR 4.66 (2.82-7.64), type 2 diabetes OR 5.41 (2.11-12.99), urinary tract infection OR 1.98 (1.40-2.78), positive serology to HIV OR 41.75 (5.77-230.9), membrane rupture > or = 48 hours OR 22.99 (13.10-40.2), polyhydramnios OR 31.53 (19.12-51.6) and premature separation of the placenta OR 42.18 (21.06-83.1). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors history during delivery has a larger impact on mortality than pregnancy or pregestational factors.
Subject(s)
Fetal Death/etiology , Infant Mortality/trends , Pregnancy Complications , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Maternal Age , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Prevalence , Reproductive History , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify significant perinatal risk factors associated with neonatal morbidity to construct a scoring system to aid in distinguishing between healthy and ill neonates. Validity and reliability of the scoring system were determined. METHODS: We conducted a screening test and used logistic regression to analyze data from a cohort of 387 neonates and to determine the relationship between risk factors and morbidity. Twenty nine factors of perinatal risk were studied. Logistic regression and discriminant analysis were performed to assess risk for morbidity. This system was developed and validated prospectively on 238 new neonates. RESULTS: Risk factors that demonstrated association with morbidity by logistic regression were chronic maternal illness, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), amniotic fluid, low Apgar score at 5 min, obstetric trauma, hypertension, neonatal resuscitation, breathing pattern at 6 h after delivery, birth weight, and gestational age. Discriminant function obtained from discriminant analysis had sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 93%, while positive and negative predictive values were 88 and 86%, respectively. Area below receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.86 (standard error [SE]: 0.02). In the validity study, these values were maintained without significant differences. Kappa statistic between two physicians was calculated at 0.84 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicated that discriminant function is a useful tool to assess initial neonatal risk, allowing pediatricians to predict morbidity prior to discharge of neonates.
Subject(s)
Infant Mortality , Female , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Logistic Models , Pregnancy , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción. Los estudiantes de las especialidades médicas deben adquirir destreza en el razonamiento clínico durante su residencia para poder alcanzar diagnósticos acertados. Sus profesores deben poseer bases teóricas sólidas para poder guiar a los alumnos en este proceso y poder constituir un buen ejemplo para ellos. El objetivo de este estudio fue el identificar las diferencias en el conocimiento teórico entre los residentes, considerados como novatos, y un grupo de profesores, considerados expertos. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas: en la primera se elaboró un examen de opción múltiple que fue validado en un grupo de 37 médicos especialistas. Ochenta y cinco por ciento de las preguntas incluyeron temas considerados esenciales y 15 por ciento convenientes u opcionales según el programa de la especialidad. Posteriormente este examen se aplicó a un grupo de estudiantes al final de su programa de especialización y a un grupo de expertos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante U de Mann Whitney. Resultados. El examen fue resuelto por un total de 92 médicos. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de novatos y expertos, a favor de estos últimos. Conclusiones. La experiencia clínica diaria incrementó las habilidades para resolver problemas clínicos después de la graduación como pediatra.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Internship and Residency , Problem-Based Learning , Hospitals, Pediatric , Professional PracticeABSTRACT
Introducción. Existe controversia en cuanto a las causas de fiebre en el período neonatal, algunos autores proponen que la principal causa es la infección y otros la deshidratación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la incidencia y causas de fiebre en el recién nacido, en un Servicio de Alojamiento Conjunto. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron a todos los recién nacidos con fiebre, manejados en el Alojamiento Conjunto, durante el período de un año. En todos se buscaron datos clínicos y de laboratorio de infección y deshidratación. En pacientes de alto riesgo se tomaron cultivos y se inició tratamiento antibiótico. En caso de deshidratación se dio suplemento con fórmula láctea. Resultados. Ochenta y cinco niños presentaron fiebre, 81 por ciento presentaron sólo un evento. Se demostró deshidratación en 75 pacientes y en 16 se sospechó septicemia y sólo en un caso se logró comprobar; al aislar el germen causante (Klebsiella sp) en cultivos de sangre y orina. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que cerca de 1 por ciento de los niños en Alojamiento Conjunto presentan fiebre y la causa principal es la deshidratación
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Body Temperature/immunology , Body Temperature/physiology , Dehydration/etiology , Fever/epidemiology , Fever/etiology , Infant, Newborn/physiology , Infant, Newborn/immunology , Rooming-in CareABSTRACT
Introducción. La nocardiosis es una infección causada por un actinomiceto ambiental que puede ser localizada o diseminada; la infección primaria generalmente es pulmonar y las lesiones a distancia pueden encontrarse en cualquier parte del organismo, siendo en el sistema nervioso central el sitio más común seguido de riñón, piel, pericardio, miocardio, bazo, hígado y glándulas suprarrenales; la infección ósea es rara. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente con dolor lumbar de seis meses de evolución que desarrolló un hematoma paravertebral secundario traumatismo por vehículo motorizado que paso inadvertido; dos meses después es referida al Hospital de pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI por dolor lumbar asociado a fiebre, pérdida de peso de 22 kg y tumor paravertebral con compromiso de cuerpos vertebrales, por lo que inicialmente se consideró el diagnóstico de un proceso maligno. Se le realizó exploración quirúrgica encontrando hematoma lumbar abscedado; en el tejido y cultivo se identificó Nocardia sp. La paciente fue tratada con trimetropin con sulfametoxazol más amikacina con mejoría clínica. Conclusiones. Ante un paciente con dolor abdominal y/o dolor lumbar crónico, deberá considerarse patología a nivel de columna vertebral
