A Miniature Batteryless Bioelectronic Implant Using One Magnetoelectric Transducer for Wireless Powering and PWM Backscatter Communication.

Wireless minimally invasive bioelectronic implants enable a wide range of applications in healthcare, medicine, and scientific research. Magnetoelectric (ME) wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a promising approach for powering miniature bio-implants because of its remarkable efficiency, safety limit, and misalignment tolerance. However, achieving low-power and high-quality uplink communication using ME remains a challenge. This paper presents a pulse-width modulated (PWM) ME backscatter uplink communication enabled by a switched-capacitor energy extraction (SCEE) technique. The SCEE rapidly extracts and dissipates the kinetic energy within the ME transducer during its ringdown period, enabling time-domain PWM in ME backscatter. Various circuit techniques are presented to realize SCEE with low power consumption. This paper also describes the high-order modeling of ME transducers to facilitate the design and analysis, which shows good matching with measurement. Our prototyping system includes a millimeter-scale ME implant with a fully integrated system-on-chip (SoC) and a portable transceiver for power transfer and bidirectional communication. SCEE is proven to induce >50% amplitude reduction within 2 ME cycles, leading to a PWM ME backscatter uplink with 17.73 kbps data rate and 0.9 pJ/bit efficiency. It also achieves 8.5 × 10-5 bit-error-rate (BER) at a 5 cm distance, using a lightweight multi-layer-perception (MLP) decoding algorithm. Finally, the system demonstrates continuous wireless neural local-field potential (LFP) recording in an in vitro setup.

Miniature battery-free epidural cortical stimulators.

Miniaturized neuromodulation systems could improve the safety and reduce the invasiveness of bioelectronic neuromodulation. However, as implantable bioelectronic devices are made smaller, it becomes difficult to store enough power for long-term operation in batteries. Here, we present a battery-free epidural cortical stimulator that is only 9 millimeters in width yet can safely receive enough wireless power using magnetoelectric antennas to deliver 14.5-volt stimulation bursts, which enables it to stimulate cortical activity on-demand through the dura. The device has digitally programmable stimulation output and centimeter-scale alignment tolerances when powered by an external transmitter. We demonstrate that this device has enough power and reliability for real-world operation by showing acute motor cortex activation in human patients and reliable chronic motor cortex activation for 30 days in a porcine model. This platform opens the possibility of simple surgical procedures for precise neuromodulation.

Self-rectifying magnetoelectric metamaterials for remote neural stimulation and motor function restoration.

Magnetoelectric materials convert magnetic fields into electric fields. These materials are often used in wireless electronic and biomedical applications. For example, magnetoelectrics could enable the remote stimulation of neural tissue, but the optimal resonance frequencies are typically too high to stimulate neural activity. Here we describe a self-rectifying magnetoelectric metamaterial for a precisely timed neural stimulation. This metamaterial relies on nonlinear charge transport across semiconductor layers that allow the material to generate a steady bias voltage in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. We generate arbitrary pulse sequences with time-averaged voltage biases in excess of 2 V. As a result, we can use magnetoelectric nonlinear metamaterials to wirelessly stimulate peripheral nerves to restore a sensory reflex in an anaesthetized rat model and restore signal propagation in a severed nerve with latencies of less than 5 ms. Overall, these results showing the rational design of magnetoelectric metamaterials support applications in advanced biotechnology and electronics.

Magnetoelectrics enables large power delivery to mm-sized wireless bioelectronics.

To maximize the capabilities of minimally invasive implantable bioelectronic devices, we must deliver large amounts of power to small implants; however, as devices are made smaller, it becomes more difficult to transfer large amounts of power without a wired connection. Indeed, recent work has explored creative wireless power transfer (WPT) approaches to maximize power density [the amount of power transferred divided by receiver footprint area (length × width)]. Here, we analyzed a model for WPT using magnetoelectric (ME) materials that convert an alternating magnetic field into an alternating voltage. With this model, we identify the parameters that impact WPT efficiency and optimize the power density. We find that improvements in adhesion between the laminated ME layers, clamping, and selection of material thicknesses lead to a power density of 3.1 mW/mm2, which is over four times larger than previously reported for mm-sized wireless bioelectronic implants at a depth of 1 cm or more in tissue. This improved power density allows us to deliver 31 and 56 mW to 10 and 27-mm2 ME receivers, respectively. This total power delivery is over five times larger than similarly sized bioelectronic devices powered by radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, inductive coupling, ultrasound, light, capacitive coupling, or previously reported magnetoelectrics. This increased power density opens the door to more power-intensive bioelectronic applications that have previously been inaccessible using mm-sized battery-free devices.

Magnetoelectrics Enables Large Power Delivery to mm-Sized Wireless Bioelectronics.

To maximize the capabilities of minimally invasive implantable bioelectronic devices, we must deliver large amounts of power to small implants; however, as devices are made smaller, it becomes more difficult to transfer large amounts of power without a wired connection. Indeed, recent work has explored creative wireless power transfer (WPT) approaches to maximize power density (the amount of power transferred divided by receiver footprint area (length × width)). Here, we analyzed a model for WPT using magnetoelectric (ME) materials that convert an alternating magnetic field into an alternating voltage. With this model, we identify the parameters that impact WPT efficiency and optimize the power density. We find that improvements in adhesion between the laminated ME layers, clamping, and selection of material thicknesses lead to a power density of 3.1 mW/mm 2 , which is over 4 times larger than previously reported for mm-sized wireless bioelectronic implants at a depth of 1 cm or more in tissue. This improved power density allows us to deliver 31 mW and 56 mW to 10-mm 2 and 27-mm 2 ME receivers, respectively. This total power delivery is over 5 times larger than similarly sized bioelectronic devices powered by radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, inductive coupling, ultrasound, light, capacitive coupling, or previously reported magnetoelectrics. This increased power density opens the door to more power-intensive bioelectronic applications that have previously been inaccessible using mm-sized battery-free devices.

Magnetoelectric Bio-Implants Powered and Programmed by a Single Transmitter for Coordinated Multisite Stimulation.

This paper presents a hardware platform including stimulating implants wirelessly powered and controlled by a shared transmitter for coordinated leadless multisite stimulation. The adopted novel single-transmitter, multiple-implant structure can flexibly deploy stimuli, improve system efficiency, easily scale stimulating channel quantity and relieve efforts in device synchronization. In the proposed system, a wireless link leveraging magnetoelectric effects is co-designed with a robust and efficient system-on-chip to enable reliable operation and individual programming of every implant. Each implant integrates a 0.8-mm2 chip, a 6-mm2 magnetoelectric film, and an energy storage capacitor within a 6.2-mm3 size. Magnetoelectric power transfer is capable of safely transmitting milliwatt power to devices placed several centimeters away from the transmitter coil, maintaining good efficiency with size constraints and tolerating 60-degree, 1.5-cm misalignment in angular and lateral movement. The SoC robustly operates with 2-V source amplitude variations that spans a 40-mm transmitter-implant distance change, realizes individual addressability through physical unclonable function IDs, and achieves 90% efficiency for 1.5-to-3.5-V stimulation with fully programmable stimulation parameters.

A wireless millimetric magnetoelectric implant for the endovascular stimulation of peripheral nerves.

Implantable bioelectronic devices for the simulation of peripheral nerves could be used to treat disorders that are resistant to traditional pharmacological therapies. However, for many nerve targets, this requires invasive surgeries and the implantation of bulky devices (about a few centimetres in at least one dimension). Here we report the design and in vivo proof-of-concept testing of an endovascular wireless and battery-free millimetric implant for the stimulation of specific peripheral nerves that are difficult to reach via traditional surgeries. The device can be delivered through a percutaneous catheter and leverages magnetoelectric materials to receive data and power through tissue via a digitally programmable 1 mm × 0.8 mm system-on-a-chip. Implantation of the device directly on top of the sciatic nerve in rats and near a femoral artery in pigs (with a stimulation lead introduced into a blood vessel through a catheter) allowed for wireless stimulation of the animals' sciatic and femoral nerves. Minimally invasive magnetoelectric implants may allow for the stimulation of nerves without the need for open surgery or the implantation of battery-powered pulse generators.

Wearable wireless power systems for 'ME-BIT' magnetoelectric-powered bio implants.

Objective.Compared to biomedical devices with implanted batteries, wirelessly powered technologies can be longer-lasting, less invasive, safer, and can be miniaturized to access difficult-to-reach areas of the body. Magnetic fields are an attractive wireless power transfer modality for such bioelectronic applications because they suffer negligible absorption and reflection in biological tissues. However, current solutions using magnetic fields for mm sized implants either operate at high frequencies (>500 kHz) or require high magnetic field strengths (>10 mT), which restricts the amount of power that can be transferred safely through tissue and limits the development of wearable power transmitter systems. Magnetoelectric (ME) materials have recently been shown to provide a wireless power solution for mm-sized neural stimulators. These ME transducers convert low magnitude (<1 mT) and low-frequency (∼300 kHz) magnetic fields into electric fields that can power custom integrated circuits or stimulate nearby tissue.Approach.Here we demonstrate a battery-powered wearable magnetic field generator that can power a miniaturized MagnetoElectric-powered Bio ImplanT 'ME-BIT' that functions as a neural stimulator. The wearable transmitter weighs less than 0.5 lbs and has an approximate battery life of 37 h.Main results.We demonstrate the ability to power a millimeter-sized prototype 'ME-BIT' at a distance of 4 cm with enough energy to electrically stimulate a rat sciatic nerve. We also find that the system performs well under translational misalignment and identify safe operating ranges according to the specific absorption rate limits set by the IEEE Std 95.1-2019.Significance.These results validate the feasibility of a wearable system that can power miniaturized ME implants that can be used for different neuromodulation applications.

MagNI: A Magnetoelectrically Powered and Controlled Wireless Neurostimulating Implant.

This paper presents the first wireless and programmable neural stimulator leveraging magnetoelectric (ME) effects for power and data transfer. Thanks to low tissue absorption, low misalignment sensitivity and high power transfer efficiency, the ME effect enables safe delivery of high power levels (a few milliwatts) at low resonant frequencies (  âˆ¼ 250 kHz) to mm-sized implants deep inside the body (30-mm depth). The presented MagNI (Magnetoelectric Neural Implant) consists of a 1.5-mm 2 180-nm CMOS chip, an in-house built 4 × 2 mm ME film, an energy storage capacitor, and on-board electrodes on a flexible polyimide substrate with a total volume of 8.2 mm 3. The chip with a power consumption of 23.7  µW includes robust system control and data recovery mechanisms under source amplitude variations (1-V variation tolerance). The system delivers fully-programmable bi-phasic current-controlled stimulation with patterns covering 0.05-to-1.5-mA amplitude, 64-to-512- µs pulse width, and 0-to-200-Hz repetition frequency for neurostimulation.