Role of body mass index in anastomotic leakage after curative treatment for rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage (AL) represents a severe complication after rectal surgery, leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare costs. Despite improvements in surgical methods and perioperative care, the challenge of AL persists. OBJECTIVES: Explore the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the risk of AL following curative treatment for rectal cancer, providing insight into its predictive value. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTINGS: Data were collected from a single tertiary center, emphasizing the specialized postoperative outcomes in a high-care setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population was comprised patients who underwent sphincter-saving surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer from 2001 to 2011. Patients with anastomotic stenosis were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome investigated was the occurrence of AL post-surgery. Secondary outcomes included the assessment of local cancer recurrence rates within the AL group. SAMPLE SIZE: 224; 13 excluded. RESULTS: Of 237 patients who underwent surgery, 13 with anastomotic stenosis were excluded from this study. Of the remaining 224, 15 individuals (6.3%) developed AL. A potential association between higher BMI and increased AL risk was identified. Additionally, the study noted a higher incidence of local rectal cancer recurrence in the group that developed leakage. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest BMI as a significant predictive factor for AL after curative rectal cancer treatment. This emphasizes the need for heightened awareness and possible preoperative counseling for obese patients regarding their increased risk of postoperative leakage. LIMITATIONS: The study was retrospective with all the inherit biases of such studies. The sample size was small and this may have introduced a type 2 statistical error.

To Sir, With Love.

In this biography, the life of William Hugh Isbister is traced through three continents, where he planted the seeds of academic surgery into a generation of leaders in colorectal surgery. This ultimately improved the care for thousands of patients. His last station in Saudi Arabia made a huge impact on the country. I hope this article inspires others to write about their mentors who were important in their development as surgeons and physicians. Short biographies of these important figures will serve as a valuable historical record for generations to come.

Deterioration in renal function after stoma creation: a retrospective review from a Middle Eastern tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Stomas are associated with multiple complications including dehydration which ultimately affects renal function. These complications begin with changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). OBJECTIVES: Evaluate changes in GFR after stoma creation by stoma type and identify how different types of stoma affect GFR. DESIGN: Retrospective, analytical cohort SETTING: Tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia PATIENTS AND METHODS: The colorectal surgery database was reviewed for all adult patients who underwent stoma creation (permanent and temporary ileostomies and colostomies) or reversal in 2000-2015. GFR was estimated at the first encounter, before the index surgery, at the time of stoma reversal, and upon the last follow-up. Patients with renal impairment, including low GFR before stoma creation, patients who had a temporary stoma converted to a permanent stoma, and patients who died with a stoma were excluded. We studied the association of several demographic and clinical factors on changes in GFR by univariate and multivariate analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated GFR at the last clinic visit for the permanent stoma group and at stoma closure for the temporary stoma group. SAMPLE SIZE: 394 patients (149 ileostomates, 245 colostomates) RESULTS: Thirty-three (8.4%) of the 394 patients had a low GFR: 11 (7.4%) in the ileostomy group and 22 (9%) in the colostomy group (P= .579). The rate of readmissions with ileostomies was higher (11.4%) than with colostomies (3.3%) (P≤.001). The number of temporary ileostomies (n=9, 7.0%) differed from temporary colostomies (n=2, 1.9%) but the difference was not statistically significant (P=.06). In the multivariate analysis, stoma permanency, hypertension, chemotherapy and nephrotoxic drugs were risk factors associated with low GFR. CONCLUSION: Ileostomies were not associated with a high rate of renal function deterioration in comparison to colostomies, but had a significantly higher rate of readmission due to dehydration and electrolytes imbalance possibly due to the hot climate in Saudi Arabia. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective nature and limited sample size which may have resulted in a type 2 statistical error. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None.

Retrospective Evaluation of the Impact of Dose Escalation Using Pre-operative Simultaneous Integrated Boost Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy on the Outcome of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE: Evaluating the outcome of pre-operative simultaneous integrated boost volumetric modulated arc therapy (SIB-VMAT) concomitant with capecitabine in patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the period January 2013-December 2019. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 59 years. All patients received pre-operative concurrent chemo-radiation therapy (CCRT) using SIB-VMAT with oral capecitabine. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered prior to CCRT in 32 patients (23.9%). The dose of radiation was 55 Gy in 94 patients (70.1%), while 40 patients (29.9%) received 50 Gy. All patients completed the CCRT treatment without breaks. No records of acute and late grade III and IV toxicities. Curative surgery was performed in all patients with a median interval of 11 (6-52) weeks between the end of CCRT and the date of surgery. No reported 30-day postoperative mortality and no grade III and IV Clavien-Dindo complications. PCR was reported in 26 patients (19.4%), while pathologically negative nodes (pN0) were achieved in 103 patients (76.9%). Adjuvant chemotherapy was utilized in 57 patients (42.5%). The 5-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 93.2%, 67.1%, and 87.3%, respectively. Only tumor regression grade (TRG) was significantly correlated with LRFS, (p value 0.043). On multivariate analysis, only TRG and achievement of pN0 were significantly correlated with DFS (p value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dose escalation utilization (SIB-VMAT) in the pre-operative treatment of LARC is well tolerated and provides effective local control.

Outcome after single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection at 16 weeks post-vaccination among healthy adults in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection and immunogenicity of a single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine at 16 weeks post-vaccination among young and healthy participants remains unclear in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVES: Assess the rate of subsequent infection and immunogenicity of a single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine at 16 weeks post-vaccination in a sample of healthy and young participants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study SETTING: Academic teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Healthy participants 18-50 years of age, who received one dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine and had no history of SARS CoV-2 infection were recruited, and blood samples were obtained 16 weeks after vaccination to assess immunogenicity using a commercially available kit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection within 16 weeks post-vaccination. SAMPLE SIZE: 385 participants with median (IQR) age of 34 (29-38) years. RESULTS: Eleven (2.8%) participants acquired polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed infection within 16 weeks after a single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine (mean [SD] 42.5 [28] days post-vaccination). No hospital or intensive care unit admissions occurred among the subjects in this sample. Females were significantly over-represented in PCR-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 10 of 11 infections occurring in females (P=.006). Antibody response against anti-spike IgG were detectable in 92.7% of subjects at 16 weeks' post-vaccination. The median anti-spike IgG level after vaccination was 273.1 (IQR 107-1052 AU/mL). However, the anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibody demonstrated a sensitivity of only 20%. CONCLUSION: A single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine in healthy and young individuals was associated with a low, single-digit rate of PCR-confirmed infection, most of which were mild. LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and single-center. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy using infusional gemcitabine in locally advanced rectal cancer: A phase II trial.

INTRODUCTION: Gemcitabine is a well-known radiosensitizer. Herein, we tested the efficacy and toxicity of preoperative concurrent infusional gemcitabine and radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a phase II, single-arm trial. Eligible patients had a diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma with clinical stage T3-T4 and/or nodal involvement, age ≥18 years, and no prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients received preoperative radiation at a dose of 50.4-54 Gy over 28 days with concurrent infusional gemcitabine administered at a dose of 100 mg/m2 over the course of 24 h weekly for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response (pCR). RESULTS: Forty patients were recruited. Only one patient did not complete therapy due to death. Eight patients did not undergo surgery, one died, two progressed to nonresectable disease, and five withdrew consent. Five patients progressed prior to surgery, with two having unresectable metastases and three having resectable liver metastases. One was found to have peritoneal metastasis during surgery. Out of the 32 patients who underwent surgery, seven achieved pCR at a rate of 20%. With a median follow-up of 30 months, four additional patients had a distant relapse (one had a subsequent local relapse). The 3-year event-free and overall survival rates were 70% and 85%, respectively. The commonest preoperative grade 3-4 toxicity included lymphopenia (50%), neutropenia (41%), anemia (15%), diarrhea (12%), abdominal pain (12%), and proctitis (8%). CONCLUSION: Concurrent preoperative chemoradiotherapy using infusional gemcitabine for locally advanced rectal cancer achieved an encouraging degree of local control with manageable toxicity.

Impact of taxation policy on tobacco consumption in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Taxes on tobacco products that increase the price and target demand-reduction have been shown to be an efficient means of reducing tobacco consumption. A new policy introduced in 2017 has increased the price of a 20-cigarette pack of the most popular brand to 27.50 SAR (7.33 USD) with the tax portion being 68.09%, which is within the yardstick recommended by the World Bank. OBJECTIVE: Assess impact of taxes on cigarette consumption. DESIGN: Retrospective econometric analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The annual importation of cigarettes containing tobacco (commodity code 24022000) in metric tons (as a proxy measure of consumption). METHODS: An econometric analysis of cigarette prices and consumption was performed using the methods of the World Bank Economics of Tobacco Toolkit. The impact was assessed statistically through price elasticity of cigarette demand. The study used yearly data for the period 2013-2019 to compare the price elasticity of demand according to the change in price. Cigarette consumption was equated to cigarette imports (dependent variable), and correlation with the cigarette price, income, education, and unemployment was assessed as independent variables of interest. RESULTS: Annual importation of cigarettes declined by 27.41% for the period 2013-2019 after the imposition of ad valorem and value-added taxes in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The price of a pack of cigarettes increased by 115.1% from 2016 to 2018. The per capita consumption was inversely correlated with price *P=.0003285, r=-0.969). The inverse correlation between income and per capita consumption was also statistically significant (P=.025, r=-0.816). Education did not correlate with per capita consumption (P=.740, r=-0.155), but unemployment was inversely correlated (P=.008, r=-0.884). From 2016 to 2018, the price elasticity of demand became negative with respect to income as recommended by the World Health Organization. The price elasticity of demand reached -0.07, -0.8, -0.93 in 2016, 2017, 2018, respectively. CONCLUSION: The modification of tax policy in 2017 has resulted in a decrease in both cigarette affordability and consumption. An additional 42.67% increase in the price, or pack price of 35.81 SAR (9.54 USD) might offset the increase in individual income noted in 2019 and maintain the decreased affordability. LIMITATIONS: The lack of more granular data on cigarette sales and more reliable data on prevalence. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction: a Saudi national survey.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (PFD) is a global health problem affecting millions of women worldwide and comprises a broad range of clinical dysfunctions such as urinary incontinence (UI), fecal incontinence (FI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) vaginal laxity (VL), vaginal wind (VW), and overactive bladder (OAB). This study aims to estimate the prevalence of PFD among Saudi women attending primary health care centers (PHCCs) across 13 regions of Saudi Arabia and their characteristics along with associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,289 non-pregnant women. The probability population proportional sampling technique was employed followed by a convenient sampling technique to recruit eligible women. Types of PFD were assessed using a self-administered electronic questionnaire. Pelvic Floor Distress Index (PFDI-20) was used to assess the primary study outcomes (FI, VL, POP, VW, and OAB). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent associated factors for PFD. RESULTS: The findings showed that 830 women (36.3%) had any type of UI. Stress UI affected726 (31.7%) women, whilst 525 women (22.9%) had urge UI. VL occurred in 505 women (22.1%), whilst POP occurred in 536 women (23.4%). VW occurred in 733 participants and (32%) 1238 women (54.1%) had OAB. The multivariate analysis suggested that region, location, parity, and assisted birth were significantly associated with UI, VL, FI and PFD (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PFD is a common condition among Saudi women. UI, VL, VW, OAB, POP and FI increased consistently among urban women with increased age, greater parity, assisted birth, and post-menopausal status.

Long-term outcomes after complete mesocolic excision for colon cancer at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Data on long-term survival and recurrence of cancer after complete mesocolic excision (CME) for colon cancer has not been reported from our center and related to international data. OBJECTIVE: Describe overall and disease-free survival, survival by surgery site and stage, and recurrence rates after curative surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTINGS: Academic tertiary care center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included all patients who underwent either laparoscopic or open surgery for colon cancer with curative intent between 2001 and 2011. The colorectal database was reviewed for the following: demographic data, comorbidities, radiologic investigations, clinical stage, type of operation, complications, pathologic assessment, adjuvant treatment, recurrence and survival. Survival and recurrence rates were calculated, and survival curves were generated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 5-year overall survival, secondary endpoints were 5-year disease-free survival, survival by surgery site and stage, and recurrence rates. SAMPLE SIZE: 220. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 57 (13) years (CI 95%: 55-59 years). There were 112 males. Mean (SD) body mass index was 27.6 (5.7) kg/m2 (CI 95%: 27-28). Pathological assessment revealed R0 (microscopically margin-negative) resection in 207 (94%). The overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival was 77.9% and 70%, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival was 69% for the sigmoid/left colon and 69% for the right colon (difference statistically nonsignificant). Stages at the time of resection were stage 0 for 2 (0.01%) patients, stage I for 18 (8%), stage II for 92 (42%), stage III for 100 (46%), and stage IV for 6 (3%). The 5-year overall survival by stages I, II, III and IV was 94%, 80%, 75% and 50%, respectively (difference statistically non-significant). The overall 5-year recurrence rate was 23.4%. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of surgical treatment for colon cancer at our institution are equivalent to international sites. No difference was noted between left and right colon in terms of survival after CME. LIMITATIONS: Single center, retrospective, small sample size. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Survival and outcomes after laparoscopic versus open curative resection for colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that open and laparoscopicsurgery for resection of colonic cancers produce similar short- and long-term results, but no data have been reported from Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE: Compare 3-year disease-free and overall survival after laparoscopic versus open curative resection for potentially curable colon cancer. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary academic hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data of patients who underwent curative resection for potentially curable colon cancer using the laparoscopic or open approach at three tertiary care centers during the period 2000-2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall and disease-free 3-year survival were the primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints included conversion rate, duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, rate of wound infection, resumption of bowel function, number of lymph nodes retrieved, adequacy of resection and rate of recurrence. Risk factors for recurrence, including complete mesocolic excision, were assessed. SAMPLE SIZE: 721. RESULTS: Patient and tumor characteristics were similar in the two groups except for ASA class ( P<.01), weight ( P<.05) and tumor stage ( P<.05). Over a median follow-up of 46 months, the 3-year overall survival was 76.7% for open resection and 90.3% for laparoscopic colon resection ( P<.05). The 3-year disease-free survival was 55.3% for open colon resection and 64.9% for laparoscopic colon resection ( P=.0714). CONCLUSION: Overall and disease-free survival after the laparoscopic approach for curative resection of colon cancer is comparable to the open approach. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design and the possibility of selection bias. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Dose Escalation with Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB) Using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) in Rectal Cancer.

PURPOSE: Assess feasibility-rate of PCR, short-term toxicity after neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation (NACRT) delivered via simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique for locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with VMAT-SIB technique preoperatively at an academic tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between February 2013 and March 2017. RESULTS: One hundred patients with depth of invasion staged as T3/T4 or T2 in 93 and seven patients, respectively. Lymph node metastasis was staged as N1/N2 or N0 in 87 and 13 patients, respectively. Circumferential radial margin (CRM) was involved radiologically prior to treatment in 50 patients. A dose of 55 or 50 Gy was given to 71 and 29 patients, respectively. All treatments were completed without interruption. Grade 3/4 toxicity was not observed. Low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection were performed with negative proximal, distal, and radial margins in 72 and 28 patients, respectively. There were no immediate significant postoperative complications. Histologically, no residual tumor (grade 0) was noted in 20 patients (pCR). Regression grade 1, 2, and 3 were noted in 31, 34, and 15 patients. Average number of lymph nodes retrieved in the surgical specimen was 12 (range 6-22). Lymph nodes were negative for cancer in 80 patients. CONCLUSION: Dose escalation with SIB-VMAT as NACRT for rectal cancer is feasible. Moreover, it can increase the rate of pathological complete response with a favorable toxicity profile. Clinical benefit of this approach needs to be validated in a larger cohort of patients with longer follow-up.

Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy using capecitabine and cetuximab followed by definitive surgery in patients with operable rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Achieving a high rate of complete pathological response with pre-operative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer is an unmet need. We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of cetuximab, capecitabine and radiation therapy in the pre-operative setting of localized rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with clinically staged T3, T4 or nodepositive rectal cancer were treated with concurrent capecitabine and radiotherapy with weekly cetuximab starting one week before the start of radiation. This was followed by total mesorectal excision within 6-8 weeks. All patients achieving R0 resection received adjuvant capecitabine for 6 cycles. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were treated and all underwent surgery. Sphincter preservation was achieved in 11 patients (73.3%) and pathological complete response in two. With a median follow up of 48 months (range 8.4-57.5), 12 patients were relapse-free and 14 were alive with 4-year relapse free survival of 80%. Overall survival was 93%. Significant grade 3 and 4 toxicity was mainly cetuximab-induced skin reactions (33%), radiation-induced skin toxicity (13%) and diarrhea (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Adding cetuximab to pre-operative concurrent capecitabine and radiotherapy provides modest efficacy with manageable toxicity.

Evaluation of the cutting seton as a method of treatment for perianal fistula.

BACKGROUND: Perianal fistulas are distressing for the patient and sometimes a challenge for the surgeon. Different methods for the treatment of perianal fistulas have a range of success rates and use of the cutting seton is still debatable. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the recurrence, success rate and incontinence with the cutting seton method for treating perianal fistula. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive study. SETTING: Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Taif, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied all patients with high perianal fistula admitted to the department of general surgery in our hospital with a diagnosis of perianal fistula in the period from December 2012 to December 2013 (12 months). Patients were followed for postoperative recurrence and incontinence rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome measured was either complete cure or recurrence. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients underwent cutting seton insertion for fistula in ano. The recurrence rate was 9.8%. The postoperative rate of incontinence was 15.7% to flatus and 5.9% to fluid stools. There was no incontinence to solid stools. CONCLUSION: The cutting seton is a valid option for a complex fistula in ano, but in female patients and those with previous peri-anal surgery, other surgical options are advised. LIMITATIONS: Patients with low perianal fistula, Crohn's disease, acute perianal abscess and patients with major incontinence were excluded.

Colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia: incidence, survival, demographics and implications for national policies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The national data on colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia has not been analyzed. The objective of this study is to describe the demographics, incidence and survival rates for colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia for the period 1994-2010. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the Saudi Cancer Registry data for the period 1994-2010. SETTING: Data from the Saudi Cancer Registry was analyzed by stage at presentation (local, regional, distal, unknown) and survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PATIENTS: From 9889 colorectal cancer cases, a sample of 549 (5.6%) patients was selected and their living status ascertained to assess survival. RESULTS: Colorectal cancer has been the most common cancer among men and the third commonest among women since 2002 in Saudi Arabia. There has been a slight predominance among men with an average ratio of 116:100 over the years (range: 99:100-132:100). The overall age-standardized rate (ASR) approached a plateau of 9.6/100000 in 2010. The incidence of the disease has been highest in the capital, Riyadh, where it reached 14.5/100000 in 2010. Median age at presentation has been stable at around 60 years (95% confidence Interval (CI): 57-61 years) for men and 55 years (95% CI: 53-58 years) for women. Distant metastasis was diagnosed in 28.4% of patients at the time of presentation and rectal cancer represented 41% of all colorectal cancers diagnosed in 2010. The overall 5-year survival was 44.6% for the period 1994-2004. The ASR for all age groups below 45 years of age was lower than that for the United States. LIMITATIONS: The study was retrospective with a possibility of bias from inaccurate staging of patients, and inaccurate survival information and patient demographics due to the underdeveloped census system prior to 2001. Survival data for the period 2005-2010 are lacking. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer presents at a younger age in Saudis, especially in women. This has a major implication for decisions about the threshold age for screening. The ASR has increased, but is still much lower than in developed countries. The lower overall 5-year survival compared with developed countries is due to lack of screening, a higher proportion of advanced stage cancer at presentation, lack of specialized care outside the major cities and a higher proportion of rectal cancer cases.

National Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening in Saudi Arabia with strength of recommendations and quality of evidence.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer among Saudi men and the third commonest among Saudi women. Given the predominance of colorectal cancer compared with other cancers in Saudi Arabia, context-specific guidelines are needed for screening. METHODS: Experts from the Saudi Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Saudi Gastroenterology Association, Saudi Oncology Society, Saudi Chapter of Enterostomal Therapy, Family Medicine and Department of Public Health at the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health and a patient advocate was assembled by the Saudi Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare, a subsidiary of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health. The panel collaborated with a methodological team from McMaster University, Canada to develop national guidelines for colorectal cancer screening. After identifying key questions, the panel conducted a systematic review of all reports on the utility of screening, the cost of screening for colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia and on the values and preferences of Saudi patients. Meta- analyses, when appropriate, were performed to generate pooled estimates of effect. Using the GRADE approach, the panel used the evidence-to-decision (EtD) framework to assess all domains important in determining the strength and direction of the recommendations (benefits and harms, values and preferences, resource implications, equity, acceptability, and feasibility). Judgments related to the EtD domains were resolved through consensus or voting, if consensus was not reached. The final recommendations were developed during a two-day meeting held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in March 2015. Conflicts of interests among the panel members were handled according to the World Health Organization rules. LIMITATIONS: There is lack of national data on the incidence of adenomatous polyps or the age groups in which the incidence surges. There were no national clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of the different modalities of screening for colorectal cancer and their impact on mortality. CONCLUSION: The panel recommends screening for colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia in asymptomatic Saudi patients at average risk of colorectal cancer. An infrastructure should be built to achieve that goal.

Risk Factors for Abdominal Incision Infection after Colorectal Surgery in a Saudi Arabian Population: The Method of Surveillance Matters.

BACKGROUND: Reported surgical site infection rates range from 2.1% to 40% after colorectal surgery and are believed to be underestimated depending on the method of surveillance. The study aims were to identify an accurate incidence and associated risk factors for abdominal incision surgical site infection after elective open colorectal surgery in a Saudi population. METHODS: This was a prospective observational longitudinal study of 300 consecutive adult patients, recruited upon admission to an 800-bed tertiary referral center. All consenting adults admitted for elective open colorectal surgery were included. Patients were followed for 36 d post-surgery by two certified and experienced wound care experts who diagnosed abdominal incision surgical site infections. The definition provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was used. Statistical analysis was performed using both univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 296 patients; the incidence of abdominal surgical site infection was 30%. Factors associated with surgical site infection by univariate analysis were pre-operative pre-albumin (p=0.04, odds ratio [OR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.99); operative difficulty because of truncal obesity (p=0.006, OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.25-3.84) and obesity measured by body mass index (p=0.002, OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.95-8.20). Multivariable analysis identified only two significant risk factors: Pre-operative pre-albumin (p=0.02, OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.96), and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI; p=0.001, OR 4.71, 95% CI 2.20-10.10). CONCLUSION: Obesity and nutritional status correlated with post-operative abdominal surgical site infection. The method of surveillance and length of follow-up impact the rate reported.