Comparing Artificial Intelligence and Senior Residents in Oral Lesion Diagnosis: A Comparative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that seeks to build intelligent machines that can carry out tasks that usually necessitate human intelligence. AI may help dentists with a variety of dental tasks, including clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. This study aims to compare the performance of AI and oral medicine residents in diagnosing different cases, providing treatment, and determining if it is reliable to assist them in their field of work. METHODS: The study conducted a comparative analysis of the responses from third- and fourth-year residents trained in Oral Medicine and Pathology at King Saud University, College of Dentistry. The residents were given a closed multiple-choice test consisting of 19 questions with four response options labeled A-D and one question with five response options labeled A-E. The test was administered via Google Forms, and each resident's response was stored electronically in an Excel sheet (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA). The residents' answers were then compared to the responses generated by three major language models: OpenAI, Stablediffusion, and PopAI. The questions were inputted into the language models in the same format as the original test, and prior to each question, an artificial intelligence chat session was created to eliminate memory retention bias. The input was done on November 19, 2023, the same day the official multiple-choice test was administered. The study had a sample size of 20 residents trained in Oral Medicine and Pathology at King Saud University, College of Dentistry, consisting of both third-year and fourth-year residents. RESULT: The responses of three large language models (LLM), including OpenAI, Stablediffusion, and PopAI, as well as the responses of 20 senior residents for 20 clinical cases about oral lesion diagnosis. There were no significant variations observed for the remaining questions in the responses to only two questions (10%). For the remaining questions, there were no significant differences. The median (IQR) score of LLMs was 50.0 (45.0 to 60.0), with a minimum of 40 (for stable diffusion) and a maximum of 70 (for OpenAI). The median (IQR) score of senior residents was 65.0 (55.0-75.0). The highest and lowest scores of residents were 40 and 90, respectively. There was no significant difference in the percent scores of residents and LLMs (p = 0.211). The agreement level was measured using the Kappa value. The agreement among senior dental residents was observed to be weak, with a Kappa value of 0.396. In contrast, the agreement among LLMs demonstrated a moderate level, with a Kappa value of 0.622, suggesting a more cohesive alignment in responses among the artificial intelligence models. When comparing residents' responses with those generated by different OpenAI models, including OpenAI, Stablediffusion, and PopAI, the agreement levels were consistently categorized as weak, with Kappa values of 0.402, 0.381, and 0.392, respectively. CONCLUSION: What the current study reveals is that when comparing the response score, there is no significant difference, in contrast to the agreement analysis among the residents, which was low compared to the LLMs, in which it was high. Dentists should consider that AI is very beneficial in providing diagnosis and treatment and use it to assist them.

D-Pinitol Content and Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Five Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Cultivars.

Diabetes mellitus is a major challenge for global health, and Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (B. spectabilis) is a widely used herbal remedy with diverse cultivars traditionally used for diabetes treatment. However, the comparative efficacy of these cultivars remains ambiguous. This study aimed to evaluate the D-pinitol content and DPPH radical-scavenging activity of methanolic leaves extracts of five B. spectabilis cultivars. Furthermore, the effects of these cultivars on various parameters, including blood glucose levels, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, renal function markers, and histopathological changes, were assessed in STZ-induced diabetic rats after one month of oral daily treatment. All tested cultivars demonstrated significant improvements in the measured parameters, albeit to varying extents. Notably, the LOE cultivar, distinguished by its orange bracts, exhibited the highest efficacy, surpassing the effectiveness of glibenclamide, an antidiabetic medication, and displayed the highest concentration of D-pinitol. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting the appropriate B. spectabilis cultivar to maximize the antidiabetic efficacy, with a particular emphasis on the correlation between antidiabetic activity and D-pinitol concentrations.

Enthesitis in Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome in an Ulcerative Colitis Patient.

Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS) is a rare and recurrent neutrophilic dermatosis condition. Due to the rarity of this syndrome and the difficulty of the disease recognition and management, there was no clear reported incidence rate of this syndrome. 20% of patients after ileojejunal bypass surgery for morbid obesity were reported, by Jorizzo et al., to have BADAS. The underlying etiology of BADAS is not fully understood; therefore, the diagnosis of this condition is difficult and the approach for the management as well. Herein, we report a case of BADAS with unusual musculoskeletal presentation.