Novel Explanted Human Liver Model to Assess Hepatic Extraction, Biliary Excretion and Transporter Function.

Realistic models predicting hepatobiliary processes in health and disease are lacking. We therefore aimed to develop a physiologically relevant human liver model consisting of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of explanted diseased human livers that can assess hepatic extraction, clearance, biliary excretion, and drug-drug interaction (DDI). Eleven livers were included in the study, seven with a cirrhotic and four with a noncirrhotic disease background. After explantation of the diseased liver, NMP was initiated. After 120 minutes of perfusion, a drug cocktail (rosuvastatin, digoxin, metformin, and furosemide; OATP1B1/1B3, P-gp, BCRP, and OCT1 model compounds) was administered to the portal vein and 120 minutes later, a second bolus of the drug cocktail was co-administered with perpetrator drugs to study relevant DDIs. The explanted livers showed good viability and functionality during 360 minutes of NMP. Hepatic extraction ratios close to in vivo reported values were measured. Hepatic clearance of rosuvastatin and digoxin showed to be the most affected by cirrhosis with an increase in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of 11.50 and 2.89 times, respectively, compared with noncirrhotic livers. No major differences were observed for metformin and furosemide. Interaction of rosuvastatin or digoxin with perpetrator drugs were more pronounced in noncirrhotic livers compared with cirrhotic livers. Our results demonstrated that NMP of human diseased explanted livers is an excellent model to assess hepatic extraction, clearance, biliary excretion, and DDI. Gaining insight into pharmacokinetic profiles of OATP1B1/1B3, P-gp, BCRP, and OCT1 model compounds is a first step toward studying transporter functions in diseased livers.

Evaluation of layered double hydroxide/graphene hybrid as a sorbent in membrane-protected stir-bar supported micro-solid-phase extraction for determination of organochlorine pesticides in urine samples.

In this work, the potential of layered double hydroxide/graphene (LDH-G) hybrid as a sorbent for extraction and preconcentration of fifteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urine samples was evaluated. The LDH-G hybrid was synthesized by co-precipitation method and it was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The sorbent was then employed in membrane-protected stir-bar supported micro-solid-phase extraction (SB-µ-SPE) of OCPs in urine samples. This extraction approach is highly suitable for the samples representing matrix complexity such as urine because the sorbent is effectively protected inside the membrane. The extracted samples were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The factors that affect the performance of SB-µ-SPE were suitably optimized. This method demonstrated good linearity with coefficients of determination up to 0.9996. The limits of detection ranged between 0.22 and 1.38ngmL-1. The RSD values for intra and inter-day precision were also in a satisfactory range (2.7-9.5%).

Determination of haloacetic acids in water using layered double hydroxides as a sorbent in dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

In the present study, highly efficient and simple dispersive solid-phase extraction procedure for the determination of haloacetic acids in water samples has been established. Three different types of layered double hydroxides were synthesized and used as a sorbent in dispersive solid-phase extraction. Due to the interesting behavior of layered double hydroxides in an acidic medium (pH˂4), the analyte elution step was not needed; the layered double hydroxides are simply dissolved in acid immediately after extraction to release the analytes which are then directly introduced into a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry system for analysis. Several dispersive solid-phase extraction parameters were optimized to increase the extraction efficiency of haloacetic acids such as temperature, extraction time and pH. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was achieved over the concentration range of 0.05-100 µg/L with detection limits in the range of 0.006-0.05 µg/L. The relative standard deviations were 0.33-3.64% (n = 6). The proposed method was applied to different water samples collected from a drinking water plant to determine the concentrations of haloacetic acids.

Development of natural sorbent based micro-solid-phase extraction for determination of phthalate esters in milk samples.

In the present study, a natural sorbent based micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) was developed for determination of phthalate esters in milk samples. For the first time, an efficient and cost effective natural material (seed powder of Moringa oleifera) was employed as sorbent in µ-SPE. The sorbent was found to be naturally enriched with variety of functional groups and having a network of interconnected fibers. This method of extraction integrates different steps such as removal of proteins and fatty stuff, extraction and pre-concentration of target analytes into a single step. Thirteen phthalate esters were selected as target compounds for the development and evaluation of method. Some key parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including selection of membrane, selection and amount of sorbent, extraction time, desorption solvent, volume of desorption solvent, desorption time and effect of salt addition. Under the optimum conditions, very good linearity was achieved for all the analytes with coefficient of determinations (R(2)) ranging between 0.9768 and 0.9977. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 µg L(-1). Proposed method showed satisfactory reproducibility with relative standard deviations ranging from 3.6% to 10.2% (n = 7). Finally, the developed method was applied to tetra pack and bottled milk samples for the determination of phthalate esters. The performance of natural sorbent based µ-SPE was better or comparable to the methods reported in the literature.

Single-step microwave assisted headspace liquid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes and haloketones in biological samples.

A single-step microwave assisted headspace liquid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-LPME) method was developed for determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloketones (HKs) in biological samples. In this method, a porous membrane envelope was filled with few microliters of extraction solvent and then placed inside the microwave extraction vial. A PTFE ring was designed to support the membrane envelope over a certain height inside the vial. An optimum amount of biological sample was placed in the vial equipped with magnetic stirrer. After that nitric acid was added to the vial for digestion of biological sample. The sample was digested and the volatile THMs and HKs were extracted at headspace in the solvent containing porous membrane. After simultaneous digestion and extraction, the extract was injected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for analysis. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized to achieve higher extraction performance. Quantification was carried out over a concentration range of 0.3-100ngg(-1) for brominated compounds while for the chlorinated ones linear range was between 0.5-100ngg(-1). Limit of detections (LODs) were ranged from 0.051 to 0.110ngg(-1) while limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.175-0.351ngg(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the calibrations were ranged between 1.1 and 6.8%. The MA-HS-LPME was applied for the determination of trace level THMs and HKs in fish tissue and green alga samples.