Testing the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale among Saudi nursing students.

AIM: The study tested the validity and reliability of the "Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale" Arabic version (DRSES-A) among Saudi nursing students. BACKGROUND: Disaster self-efficacy is one such factor of increasing interest. Little research has explored disaster response self-efficacy despite growing evidence on disaster response preparedness in Saudi Arabia. A systematic, standardized and valid instrument is needed to assess disaster self-efficacy in the Saudi context. The DRSES is one of the tools with excellent psychometric properties that can evaluate the nursing students' perceived self-efficacy in disaster preparation, mitigation and response. DESIGN: This investigation is a quantitative methodological design testing the validity and reliability of the DRSES-A. METHOD: In this study, 290 Saudi nursing students were surveyed from May to June 2021 in the three government universities in Saudi Arabia using the convenience sampling technique. The Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale underwent a linguistic adaptation following a forward-backward translation method. Construct validity was established using the principal component analysis to extract the components of DRSES-A. RESULT: The overall mean of the DRSES-A was 3.41 (SD = 0.75). The overall Cronbach alpha was 0.939. The subscales "Onsite rescue" and "Psychological nursing" had a similar alpha of 0.911, while "Role quality and adaptation" had a computed alpha of 0.878. The expert rated all item content validity index as 1 with an average score content validity index of 1. The principal component analysis supported a three-factor DRSES-A. CONCLUSION: The DRSES-A is a valid and reliable scale that can measure Arabic-speaking baccalaureate nursing students' self-reported disaster response self-efficacy.

Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening among Average and High-Risk Saudis Population.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening intention is one of the most important elements influencing the longstanding effectiveness of community-based CRC screening programs. The primary purpose of this study is to generate and validate a predictive screening model that investigates the influence of Saudis' demographics, CRC knowledge, and beliefs on intention to undergo CRC screening via fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Convenience sampling was used to recruit 600 average and high-risk participants from multiple primary health care centers in three major Saudi provinces. A valid and reliable self-administered online survey was used to collect data from March 2021 to October 2021. The final modified screening prediction model explained 57.35% of the variance in screening intention. Intention to screen was significantly influenced by seven factors in which the perceived barriers factor (ß = −0.55, p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor. Those who had lower perceived barriers and greater levels of knowledge (ß = 0.36, p < 0.001), health motivation (ß = 0.35, p < 0.001), perceived benefits of screening (ß = 0.35, p < 0.001), severity (ß = 0.29, p < 0.001), and susceptibility (ß = 0.28, p < 0.001) were more likely to become involved in screening practices. Health care practitioners and various media forms could benefit from the prediction model playing a significant role in raising awareness, reducing perceived barriers, and enhancing Saudi screening rates.

Effectiveness of pain management among trauma patients in the emergency department, a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the available data and scientific literature and to compile all evidence-related studies of the effectiveness of pain management for traumatic patients in the emergency department. METHODS: The present study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: A total of 777 articles were retrieved, and eighteen were selected according to the inclusion criteria in this systemic review. These studies were published from 2004 to 2020 and reported from all around the world. Seventeen studies were based on pharmacological intervention, and one study was based on nonpharmacological intervention. Analgesics and methoxyflurane administration were the most adapted interventions for pain management in traumatic patients among the selected studies. Other reported interventions were fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture, sufentanil, and professional practice assessment. CONCLUSION: This systemic review provides an overview of the effectiveness of pharmacological and nonpharmacological pain management in trauma patients in the emergency department. Analgesic treatment is an effective and ancient management strategy with drawbacks of associated side effects and intravenous administration. New strategies reported and applied by oral or nasal route administration with similar and better efficacies. However, large-scale studies are crucial for better implementation and outcome. Nonpharmacological interventions may also contribute to pain relief.

Whole-Person Development of Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Multi-University Study.

AIM: This study examines how nursing students in Saudi Arabia view their holistic development during university study and the association between their perceptions and academic performance. BACKGROUND: Holistic nursing education fosters broad development and emphasizes students' cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and spiritual potentials. METHOD: This descriptive and correlational study utilizes the Whole Person Development Inventory to collect data from 998 student nurses enrolled in six governmental universities in Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: The professional dimension recorded the highest mean, followed by the intellectual, spiritual, physical, and psychological dimensions. The social dimension received the lowest overall mean. Intellectual, psychological, social, and spiritual development has an association with high academic performance. CONCLUSION: This study encourages policymakers and various stakeholders concerned with nursing education in the country and worldwide to be intentional and systematic in adapting the whole-person development approach in nursing education.

Workplace violence towards emergency nurses: A cross-sectional multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence (WPV) against nurses continues to be a challenge within healthcare systems worldwide. Quantifying the burden of WPV in emergency departments will inform the design of appropriate interventions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern and factors associated with WPV among emergency nurses working in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A multicenter descriptive online survey was conducted using a standardized self-administered questionnaire. Emergency nurses working in public hospitals in the country were invited to participate. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The study recruited 849 emergency nurses, most (73.7%) had experienced WPV in the past two years; 47.4% experienced physical violence and 94.3% experienced non-physical violence. Most exposures to WPV occurred during the afternoon shifts (70.8%), and mainly perpetrated by family members or relatives of the patients (88.3%). CONCLUSION: WPV encountered by emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia is alarmingly high, and underreported by the affected nurses. Increased workload, inadequate staffing levels, poorly enforced visitor policy, unmet expectations, and a lack of clarity in reporting were the most frequent causes of WPV. There is a need to reassess the current occupational safety measures in the emergency departments in the country.

Predictors of nursing students' intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination: A multi-university study in Saudi Arabia.

AIMS: This study examined the predictors of student nurses' intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. We measured the nursing students' risk perceptions, anxiety, fears and beliefs on COVID-19 vaccine; attitudes towards it and vaccine literacy (VL). DESIGN: This study is a multi-university study utilizing the quantitative, cross-sectional and predictive approach. METHODS: Using convenience sampling (n = 1170), we surveyed 10 Saudi universities from November 26, 2020, to December 31, 2020. Forward stepwise multinomial logistic regression was performed in identifying the factors predicting student nurses' intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. RESULTS: The overall mean in the risk perception, anxiety and fear was 9.59 (SD = 2.82, possible range = 1-15), 3.95 (SD = 4.77, possible range = 0-20) and 18.17 (SD = 6.65, possible range = 7-35) respectively. They also reported a mean of 29.90 (SD = 6.56, possible range = 8-40) on COVID-19 belief. COVID-19 positive and negative attitudes mean score was 3.64 (SD = 0.92) and 2.72 (SD = 0.90) in a 1-4 range of scores respectively. The functional and interactive-critical COVID-19 VL of the students were at moderate levels. More than half of the respondents (55.9%) intended to be vaccinated against COVID-19, 17.6% did not intend to do so and 26.5% were unsure. High-risk perceptions, low levels of COVID-19 anxiety, positive beliefs and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine, and high levels of interactive-critical COVID-19 VL were significant predictors of student nurses' intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Policymakers could consider the factors identified in this study and why the students did not intend to receive the vaccine in planning a nationwide vaccination program. The colleges of nursing could also utilize the findings in developing educational programs that aim to improve VL and beliefs and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine.

Work-life balance of expatriate nurses working in acute care settings.

AIM: To examine the quality of work life of acute care expatriate nurses in multiple regions of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A country-wide cross-sectional survey was carried out between June-August 2020 using the Brooks' quality of nursing work-life questionnaire. RESULTS: The range of quality of nursing work-life scores (80 to 245) was moderate, with an overall mean score of 175.3 (± 23.1). Only 723 (42.4%) of the nurses experienced a high quality of nursing work life. Multivariable regression analysis showed that 21 to 40 years' age group, being a Filipino or Indian nurse and working in the northern region were the independent predictors of low quality work life. CONCLUSION: Most expatriate nurses were not satisfied with their quality of work life. Hospital administrators should take initiatives to enhance the quality of expatriate nurses' work life towards improving their productivity and quality of patient care.

Translation, Trans-Cultural Adaptation to Arabic, and Psychometric Testing of a Questionnaire Measuring Colorectal Cancer Knowledge, Perceptions, and Screening Practices among Average-Risk Population.

PURPOSE: Modifying, translating to Arabic, trans-culturally adapting, and testing the psychometric properties of colorectal cancer knowledge perception screening survey (CRCKPSS) to fit with Arabic culture to measure Jordanian average risk population's health beliefs about colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: A methodological cross-sectional design was employed to recruit a convenience sample of 460 average-risk Jordanian adults aged 50-75 years from the outpatient departments (OPDs) of two governmental hospitals in Jordan. The study was conducted in three phases: (a) Minimal modification of the CRCKPSS was undertaken. (b) Translation and transcultural adaptation of the modified version from English to Arabic were undertaken. (c) Validation of the trans-culturally modified Arabic version was performed. RESULTS: Construct validity of the final trans-culturally modified Arabic version was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded five factors. The total variance explained by all extracted factors was 83.4%. Cronbach's alpha was applied separately for all five subscales and ranged between 0.94 and 0.98, indicating that the adapted version items have distinguishing consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Examining communities' health beliefs regarding CRC is an important issue and requires a culturally valid and reliable scale. The modified Arabic version exhibited acceptable content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity when used with the Jordanian average-risk population. Nurses and other health professionals can use it to assess beliefs about CRC and screening practices accurately. Moreover, the scale may be beneficial to other Arab countries, considering the diverse dialects within the Arab world.
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Impact of night shift rotations on nursing performance and patient safety: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: Hospitals operate on a 24-hr basis, with shiftwork being unavoidable for most nurses. This study aims to explore the impact of night shiftwork rotations on nurses' physiological status, work performance and patient safety concerns among nurses in public hospitals. DESIGN: A descriptive predictive correlational design using a self-administered questionnaire. METHODS: Electronic and printable survey questionnaires were distrusted among nurses working in public hospitals in multiple regions of Saudi Arabia. The study recruited 1,256 nurses from different nationalities, hospital work units and work experience. RESULTS: A large proportion of nurses on night shiftwork encountered patient safety issues (85.7%) and physiological consequences (93.6%). Counselling sessions and programmes to support at-risk nurses are recommended.

Assessment of knowledge and attitude of allied healthcare professionals about COVID-19 across Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has shown a catastrophic effect on mankind. The allied healthcare professionals (AHPs) play a pivotal role against COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: To appraise the knowledge and attitude about COVID-19 of AHPs working across Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using Qualtrics software to gather data from all five regions of Saudi Arabia during the nationwide lockdown in April 2020. Complete responses of 195 AHPs were considered for analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 15 and 14 questions on knowledge and attitude, respectively. The overall scores of each domain were calculated and modified Bloom's criterion was applied to categorize them into a three-point ordinal scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test along with multivariate logistic regression for significant parameters. RESULTS: The AHPs displayed a moderate level of knowledge (58.2%) and a good level of attitude (80%). The AHPs were found to have a non-significant (P > 0.05) difference in the level of knowledge within age, gender, region, occupation, educational level, organizational setup and years of experience. The attitude of AHPs working in a private setup has shown a 2.8 times (P = 0.020) higher risk for having moderate/poor attitude compared to the AHPs working in a government organization. CONCLUSIONS: AHPs displayed a moderate level of knowledge and good attitude towards COVID-19. Emphasis should be given to continuous professional development in order to enhance their knowledge. Furthermore, strategies should be developed in the private sector to positively reinforce the attitude of AHPs.

A Countrywide Survey in Saudi Arabia Regarding the Knowledge and Attitude of Health Care Professionals about Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a pandemic. The updated knowledge and a positive attitude of health care professionals (HCPs) towards fighting any pandemic is the key to success. Thus, the present study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of HCPs towards COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A cross-sectional study was conducted across the KSA, covering its five geographical regions with a non-probability quota sample. Twenty-nine, close-ended questions evaluating the knowledge and attitude domain were included in the questionnaire. It was developed with the help of Qualtrics software and circulated among the HCPs through the electronic mode. We analyzed data from about 1040 HCPs using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) v.21. All variables were presented in number and percentages. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of independent variables for inadequate knowledge and attitude. Considering the "good" level of the respective domain, the HCPs have displayed better knowledge (48.2%) over attitude (33.8%). Female (aOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.15-2.09; p = 0.004), Diploma degree (aOR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.64-3.83; p < 0.001), 7-10 years' experience (aOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01-2.15; p = 0.045) were at higher risk of having inadequate knowledge compared to their contemporaries. Among the sources, the Ministry of Health (MOH) website was the most popular source of information (76%). The knowledge and attitude of HCPs regarding COVID-19 was similar across all the regions of KSA. However, the continuing education program is warranted to fill the potential gap in knowledge for HCPs in higher-risk groups.

Critical care nurses' perception of care coordination competency for management of mechanically ventilated patients.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate nurses' care coordination competency for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units (ICUs) of Saudi Arabia (SA). BACKGROUND: ICUs are increasingly using multidisciplinary approach to provide critical care. Functionality gaps remain within these teams preventing optimum performance, including a lack of adequate care coordination in the management of mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of ICU nurses working across 20 hospitals in SA. METHODS: The Nurses' Care Coordination Competency Scale (NCCCS) survey for MV patients was administered to all the nurses to assess their care coordination competence. The data were analysed using Student's t test, ANOVA and linear regression. Reporting of this research follows STROBE guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 254 nurses participated in the survey. The overall NCCCS mean score was 3.94 (±0.69) out of a 5-point scale. Also, the "promoting team cohesion factor (Factor 1)" had a mean score of 3.90 (±0.77), the "understanding care coordination needs factor (Factor II)" had a mean score of 4.00 (±0.77), the "aggregating and disseminating information factor (Factor III)" had a mean score of 4.05 (±0.76), and the "devising and clearly articulating the care vision factor (Factor IV)" had a mean score of 3.78 (±0.87). The mean overall NCCCS score was 4.10 among Indians, 3.98 among Filipinos and 3.81 among Saudi nationals. CONCLUSION: There were a high overall score and subscale scores of nurses' care coordination competence for mechanically ventilated patients, but few gaps were identified in some of the items. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results provide information on the status and gaps in ICU nurses' care coordination competencies to address the needs of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. The NCCCS can be utilised as an educational tool for nurses who are new to the ICU work environment.

Nursing Students' Perceptions, Knowledge, and Preventive Behaviors Toward COVID-19: A Multi-University Study.

Background: Knowledge, perception, and preventive behavior should be considered in the planning of effective educational interventions for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and in increasing awareness about the health risks brought about by this disease. This research aimed to assess knowledge, perceptions, and preventive behavior toward the COVID-19 infection among student nurses. Methods: The study has quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. A convenience sample of 1,226 student nurses from seven universities in Saudi Arabia was surveyed from March 22 to April 4, 2020. A four-part online survey on demographic characteristics, perceptions, knowledge, and preventive behavior of Saudi student nurses was carried out. Results: Nearly all students were aware of the outbreak (99.2%), and most of them received information on COVID-19 primarily from social media (71.0%). Over three-fourths of the students were confident that the government (89.1%) and Ministry of Health (MOH) (86.5%) were doing a good job responding to the COVID-19 outbreak in the country. The overall average score in the knowledge questionnaire was 9.85 (SD = 1.62, range = 0-12), which is equivalent to 82.1%. The majority of the students always performed most of the preventive behavior identified in the survey, except "washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 s after blowing my nose, coughing, or sneezing" (39.2%) and "daily cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces" (41.6%). Being female, being in the fourth year, and gaining good perceived knowledge were associated with high actual COVID-19 knowledge. University, gender, age, academic level, and perceived COVID-19 knowledge were the associated factors. Conclusions: The findings of this study have provided baseline information on the current state of Saudi nursing students' perceptions, knowledge, and preventive behavior toward COVID-19 as the crisis is happening. The findings revealed some areas that should be focused on by nursing education, as well as health agencies, to ensure that the students have adequate knowledge and correct preventive behavior.

The needs of family members of patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: The unanticipated admission of a patient to the intensive care unit (ICU) can be particularly frightening and stressful for their family members. The objective of this study was to identify the most important needs of family members of patients admitted in the ICU and determine their relationship with their sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April to August 2017 among adult family members of patients admitted to the ICU of four public hospitals in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. The "Critical Care Family Needs Inventory" questionnaire was administered to all consenting relatives of ICU patients in order to determine the family needs. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Also, students' t-test and ANOVA were carried out. RESULTS: The most important need identified by the family members was the need for assurance (3.62±0.44), followed by information (3.47±0.59), proximity (3.34±0.44), comfort (3.01±0.72), and support (2.91±0.68). A higher level of education was significantly associated with a higher level of need for assurance (P<0.001), information (P<0.001), and proximity (P<0.001). Also, participants who had an unconscious/semiconscious relative in the ICU assigned a higher level of importance to information need (P<0.001) compared with those with a conscious relative. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that family members of patients admitted to ICU have elevated levels of needs in the assurance, proximity, and information dimensions that require to be addressed. This should guide the development of connection, effective communication, and beneficial cooperation toward offering the best possible care and support to ICU patients and their relatives.

Structural Characterization of Gallbladder Stones Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Formation of the gallbladder stones is a common disease and a major health problem. The present study aimed to identify the structures of the most common types of gallbladder stones using X-ray spectroscopic techniques, which provide information about the process of stone formation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Phase and elemental compositions of pure cholesterol and mixed gallstones removed from gallbladders of patients were studied using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy analysis and X-ray diffraction. RESULTS: The crystal structures of gallstones which coincide with standard patterns were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Plate-like cholesterol crystals with laminar shaped and thin layered structures were clearly observed for gallstone of pure cholesterol by scanning electron microscopy; it also revealed different morphologies from mixed cholesterol stones. Elemental analysis of pure cholesterol and mixed gallstones using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the different formation processes of the different types of gallstones. CONCLUSION: The method of fast and reliable X-ray spectroscopic techniques has numerous advantages over the traditional chemical analysis and other analytical techniques. The results also revealed that the X-ray spectroscopy technique is a promising technique that can aid in understanding the pathogenesis of gallstone disease.