Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Survival among Unscreened Population -Multicenter Cohort Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In Saudi Arabia and across the world, the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (< 50 years) has increased. The diagnosis of EOCRC, on the other hand, is frequently delayed. It is critical to implement a national screening program to identify those group of patients who might benefit from early diagnosis. METHOD: A retrospective search was conducted using data from the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs' (MNG-HA) Cancer Registry. The population of 1440 CRC patients were eligible for the analyses. Patients' demographics including age at diagnosis, gender, and marital status, were all reported. The demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed across early-onset and late-onset groups using Chi-square and Fisher exact test where appropriate. RESULTS: CRC patients, early-onset CRC (18-50 years) was reported in 23.26%, mainly with advance disease. Late-onset (>50 years) CRC individuals have worse survival rate and higher probability of dying compared to early-onset CRC individuals. After age at diagnosis classification into three categories (18-40 years), (41-50 years), and (>50 years) the Kaplan-Meier Survival curve show that early-onset (18-40 years) CRC individuals had significantly better survival than (41-50 years), and (>50 years) CRC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing our data to another screened population using US SEER datasets, we discovered a substantial difference in survival rates, with the SEER population having a considerably greater chance of survival. There is very little research on the significance of screening for Saudi CRC patients, and this is an issue that needs to be looked into more. LIMITATIONS: A study's drawback is the lack of data for a variety of risk variables linked to colorectal cancer incidence, such as the KRAS mutation and environmental risk factors including BMI and smoking. More research with a nationally representative sample and comprehensive demographic and clinical data accessible is needed.

The emerging role of MCPH1/BRIT1 in carcinogenesis.

The MCPH1 gene, also known as BRCT-repeat inhibitor of hTERT expression (BRIT1), has three BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal domains which is an important regulator of DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints and chromosome condensation. MCPH1/BRIT1 is also known as a tumour suppressor in different types of human cancer. The expression level of the MCPH1/BRIT1 gene is decreased at the DNA, RNA or protein level in a number of types of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer compared to normal tissue. This review also showed that deregulation of MCPH1/BRIT1 is significantly associated with reduced overall survival in 57% (12/21) and relapsed free survival in 33% (7/21) of cancer types especially in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and renal clear cell carcinoma. A common finding of this study is that the loss of MCPH1/BRIT1 gene expression plays a key role in promoting genome instability and mutations supporting its function as a tumour suppressor gene.

An Update on Alopecia and its Association With Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases.

Alopecia is comorbid with several illnesses, including various autoimmune conditions such as thyroid disease. Leukocyte-mediated inflammation of hair follicles in alopecia was first described over a century ago. However, the high prevalence of the role of thyroid autoimmune disease in the pathogenesis of alopecia has only recently come to light, together with a strong association between the two. Therefore, this review focuses on articles published between 2011 and 2022 on alopecia's association with thyroid autoimmune disease, and the mechanism behind it. In addition, it highlights the link between alopecia and thyroid cancer, as patients with alopecia have increased risk of thyroid cancer. In conclusion, this comprehensive, focused, scoping review will serve as a reference highlighting recent information on alopecia, exploring its association with thyroid autoimmune diseases.

ERICH3 in Primary Cilia Regulates Cilium Formation and the Localisations of Ciliary Transport and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Proteins.

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the formation and function of the microtubule-based primary cilium, which acts as a sensory and signalling device at the cell surface. Consisting of IFT-A/B and BBSome cargo adaptors that associate with molecular motors, IFT transports protein into (anterograde IFT) and out of (retrograde IFT) the cilium. In this study, we identify the mostly uncharacterised ERICH3 protein as a component of the mammalian primary cilium. Loss of ERICH3 causes abnormally short cilia and results in the accumulation of IFT-A/B proteins at the ciliary tip, together with reduced ciliary levels of retrograde transport regulators, ARL13B, INPP5E and BBS5. We also show that ERICH3 ciliary localisations require ARL13B and BBSome components. Finally, ERICH3 loss causes positive (Smoothened) and negative (GPR161) regulators of sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh) to accumulate at abnormally high levels in the cilia of pathway-stimulated cells. Together, these findings identify ERICH3 as a novel component of the primary cilium that regulates cilium length and the ciliary levels of Shh signaling molecules. We propose that ERICH3 functions within retrograde IFT-associated pathways to remove signaling proteins from cilia.

SETD1A Methyltransferase Is Physically and Functionally Linked to the DNA Damage Repair Protein RAD18.

SETD1A is a SET domain-containing methyltransferase involved in epigenetic regulation of transcription. It is the main catalytic component of a multiprotein complex that methylates lysine 4 of histone H3, a histone mark associated with gene activation. In humans, six related protein complexes with partly nonredundant cellular functions share several protein subunits but are distinguished by unique catalytic SET-domain proteins. We surveyed physical interactions of the SETD1A-complex using endogenous immunoprecipitation followed by label-free quantitative proteomics on three subunits: SETD1A, RBBP5, and ASH2L. Surprisingly, SETD1A, but not RBBP5 or ASH2L, was found to interact with the DNA damage repair protein RAD18. Reciprocal RAD18 immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the interaction with SETD1A, whereas size exclusion and protein network analysis suggested an interaction independent of the main SETD1A complex. We found evidence of SETD1A and RAD18 influence on mutual gene expression levels. Further, knockdown of the genes individually showed a DNA damage repair phenotype, whereas simultaneous knockdown resulted in an epistatic effect. This adds to a growing body of work linking epigenetic enzymes to processes involved in genome stability.