Mortality risk factors after percutaneous gastrostomy: Who is a good candidate?

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PG) is an effective and safe way for the delivery of enteral nutrition. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for mortality after PG placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational and analytical cohort study was conducted. All endoscopic or radiological percutaneous gastrostomy tubes placed between January 2009 and July 2016 were evaluated. Mortality was the dependent variable. Initial clinical and analytical patient features and the development of complications during follow-up were recorded. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the risk of mortality associated to the studied variables. Hazard ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were retrieved from these models. RESULTS: A total of 289 patients underwent PG placement (57% male). The mean age was 70.1 (SD 13.6) years. The median follow-up period was 8.7 (IQR 18) months. One hundred and seventy-four patients died during the follow-up period. The overall mortality rate was 4.8 per 100 patients-month. The highest mortality rate was during the first month after PG placement (13.2 per 100 patients-month), subsequently decreasing. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age (HR1year = 1.01; p = 0.015), Charlson comorbidity index ≥4 (HR = 1.69; p = 0.011), the presence of degenerative neurological disease (HR = 1.69; p = 0.012) or malignancy (HR = 2.02; p = 0.012) and the development of aspiration pneumonia during the follow-up period (HR = 3.29; p = 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictive risk factors associated with mortality. A model to predict survival probability prior to placing the PG was developed from the variables of the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Mortality after PG placement is high. Older age, higher comorbidity and the development of aspiration pneumonia are predictive factors for mortality. A more careful selection of candidates for PG placement should be done to improve the patient prognosis after the procedure.

Anestesia locorregional en una paciente adulta con síndrome de Prader-Willi: consideraciones anestésicas / Anesthetic consideration: Regional anesthesia with Prader-Willi

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disorder caused by a genetic alteration that causes a multisystem clinic. It can be due mainly to three genetic mechanisms; a paternal deletion of the 15q11-13 region, a maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect. The paternal deletion is observed in 70% of the patients, the disomy in 25% and the imprinting defect in only 5% of those affected by this syndrome. 1) It is the most common syndromic cause of obesity with an estimated prevalence in the population of 1: 50,000; 2) The clinic is very variable, which is why clinical criteria have been created that, supported by the genetic study, confirm the diagnosis; 3) They have difficulty feeding during lactation, which leads to hyperphagia in childhood that leads to obesity. In the adult stage, in addition to obesity, respiratory pathology, sleep disturbances and psychological disorders stand out; 4) Objective: the aim of the present review was to compile the cases recorded in the scientific literature of patients anesthetized with PWS and the anesthetic options used in said patients.

El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es un trastorno causado por una alteración genética que provoca una clínica multisistémica. Puede ser debido principalmente a tres mecanismos genéticos; una deleción paterna de la región 15q11-13, una disomía uniparental materna o un defecto de impronta. La deleción paterna se observa en el 70% de los pacientes, la disomía en el 25% y el defecto de impronta en tan solo el 5% de los afectados por este síndrome. 1) Constituye la causa sindrómica más frecuente de obesidad con una prevalencia estimada en la población de 1:50.000; 2) La clínica es muy variable por lo que se han creado unos criterios clínicos que apoyados por el estudio genético confirman el diagnóstico; 3) Presentan dificultad para la alimentación durante la lactancia, que da paso a una hiperfagia en la infancia que deriva en obesidad. En la etapa adulta, además de la obesidad destacan la patología respiratoria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos psicológicos; 4) Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar los casos registrados en la literatura científica de pacientes anestesiados con SPW y las opciones anestésicas utilizadas en dichos pacientes.

Predictive factors of hypertriglyceridemia in inhospital patients during total parenteral nutrition / Factores predictores de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral total

Introduction: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a kind of nutritional support indicated for patients whose clinical situation makes it impossible to cover their nutritional requirements enterally. Despite the fact that TPN is a safe and effective therapy, some complications have been described. One of the most frequent is hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of this metabolic complication is complex and multifactorial. Objetive: The aim of this work was to determine risk factors associated with the development of hypertrilgyceridemia in adult inhospital non critical patients who carry TPN for a short term. A secondary aim was to evaluate the effect that a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 poliunsaturated fatty acids causes on this metabolic complication. Material and methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort study, in which adult inhospital non critical patients have been included. Only those who needed TPN during more than seven days were included. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma triglycerides levels higher than 200 mg/dl. The lipid emulsions were composed whether by a combination of 50% long-chain (LCT) and medium-chain (MCT) triglycerides or 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Clinical, nutritonal and biochemical parameters were included. Analitical samples were obtained before starting TPN, and weekly until withdrawal. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors of the appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Results: One hundred and one patients were included (61.4% male). Thirty-three per cent of them developed hypertriglyceridemia. In the multivariate analysis the independent risk factors associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia were the initial plasmatic triglycerides levels, the body mass index (BMI) and an input of glucose in the TPN higher than 3.1 g/kg/day. The infusion of a lipid emulsion fortified with 3-omega fatty acids was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The patient's clinical metabolic situation, as well as the load of carbohydrates in the TPN are essential for the development of the TPN-associated hypertriglyceridemia. The administration of a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 fatty acids is safe, even though it was not associated with a signifi cant protective effect over the risk of appearance of this metabolic complication.

Introducción: la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) es una modalidad de soporte nutricional indicada en aquellas situaciones donde el enfermo no puede cubrir sus requerimientos nutricionales por vía enteral. A pesar de ser una terapia segura y eficaz, no está exenta de complicaciones, entre las que cabe destacar, por su frecuencia, la hipertrigliceridemia. La etiología de esta complicación metabólica es compleja y multifactorial. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados no críticos que reciben NPT a corto plazo y evaluar el efecto que una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 ejerce sobre esta complicación metabólica. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes donde se ha incluido a pacientes hospitalizados adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT durante un periodo superior a siete días. Se consideró la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia cuando los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos fueron superiores a 200 mg/dl. Las emulsiones lipídicas empleadas fueron una mezcla al 50% de triglicéridos de cadena larga (LCT) y de cadena media (MCT) o una combinación al 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Se recogieron variables clínicas, nutricionales y bioquímicas. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron antes del comienzo de la NPT y semanalmente hasta su retirada. Los factores predictores de la aparición de hipertrigliceridemia fueron identificados mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: fueron incluidos 101 pacientes (61,4% varones), de los cuales el 33% desarrolló hipertrigliceridemia. En el análisis multivariante los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia fueron los niveles plasmáticos iniciales de triglicéridos, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y un aporte de glucosa en la NPT superior a 3,1 g/kg/día. La infusión de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3 se asoció con un descenso no significativo del riesgo de aparición de hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusión: la situación clínica metabólica del paciente y la dosis de hidratos de carbono en la NPT resultan fundamentales en el desarrollo de la hipertrigliceridemia relacionada con la NPT. La administración de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos omega-3 es segura, aunque no se asoció a un efecto protector significativo sobre el riesgo de aparición de esta complicación metabólica.

Factores predictores de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral total / Predictive factors of hypertriglyceridemia in inhospital patients during total parenteral nutrition

Introducción: la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) es una modalidad de soporte nutricional indicada en aquellas situaciones donde el enfermo no puede cubrir sus requerimientos nutricionales por vía enteral. A pesar de ser una terapia segura y eficaz, no está exenta de complicaciones, entre las que cabe destacar, por su frecuencia, la hipertrigliceridemia. La etiología de esta complicación metabólica es compleja y multifactorial. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados no críticos que reciben NPT a corto plazo y evaluar el efecto que una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 ejerce sobre esta complicación metabólica. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes donde se ha incluido a pacientes hospitalizados adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT durante un periodo superior a siete días. Se consideró la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia cuando los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos fueron superiores a 200 mg/dl. Las emulsiones lipídicas empleadas fueron una mezcla al 50% de triglicéridos de cadena larga (LCT) y de cadena media (MCT) o una combinación al 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Se recogieron variables clínicas, nutricionales y bioquímicas. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron antes del comienzo de la NPT y semanalmente hasta su retirada. Los factores predictores de la aparición de hipertrigliceridemia fueron identificados mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: fueron incluidos 101 pacientes (61,4% varones), de los cuales el 33% desarrolló hipertrigliceridemia. En el análisis multivariante los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia fueron los niveles plasmáticos iniciales de triglicéridos, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y un aporte de glucosa en la NPT superior a 3,1 g/kg/día. La infusión de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3 se asoció con un descenso no significativo del riesgo de aparición de hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusión: la situación clínica metabólica del paciente y la dosis de hidratos de carbono en la NPT resultan fundamentales en el desarrollo de la hipertrigliceridemia relacionada con la NPT. La administración de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos omega-3 es segura, aunque no se asoció a un efecto protector significativo sobre el riesgo de aparición de esta complicación metabólica (AU)

Introduction: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a kind of nutritional support indicated for patients whose clinical situation makes it impossible to cover their nutritional requirements enterally. Despite the fact that TPN is a safe and effective therapy, some complications have been described. One of the most frequent is hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of this metabolic complication is complex and multifactorial. Objetive: The aim of this work was to determine risk factors associated with the development of hypertrilgyceridemia in adult inhospital non critical patients who carry TPN for a short term. A secondary aim was to evaluate the effect that a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 poliunsaturated fatty acids causes on this metabolic complication. Material and methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort study, in which adult inhospital non critical patients have been included. Only those who needed TPN during more than seven days were included. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma triglycerides levels higher than 200 mg/dl. The lipid emulsions were composed whether by a combination of 50% long-chain (LCT) and medium-chain (MCT) triglycerides or 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Clinical, nutritional and biochemical parameters were included. Analitical samples were obtained before starting TPN, and weekly until withdrawal. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors of the appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Results: One hundred and one patients were included (61.4% male). Thirty-three per cent of them developed hypertriglyceridemia. In the multivariate analysis the independent risk factors associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia were the initial plasmatic triglycerides levels, the body mass index (BMI) and an input of glucose in the TPN higher than 3.1 g/kg/day. The infusion of a lipid emulsion fortified with 3-omega fatty acids was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The patient’s clinical metabolic situation, as well as the load of carbohydrates in the TPN are essential for the development of the TPN-associated hypertriglyceridemia. The administration of a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 fatty acids is safe, even though it was not associated with a significant protective effect over the risk of appearance of this metabolic complication (AU)

[Prevalence and predictive factors of parietal cell antibody positivity in autoimmune thyroid disease]. / Prevalencia y factores predictivos de la presencia de anticuerpos anticélula parietal gástrica en la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with ATD. The presence of PCA was determined. Elevated antithyroid antibodies (ATAs) were defined as those higher than the 75th percentile of distribution. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to assess the independent contribution of the following variables to PCA positivity: age, sex, hemoglobin, medium corpuscular volume (MCV), dose/Kg of levothyroxine (LT4), disease duration and elevated ATA levels. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included (137 females). The mean age was 45.7 (SD 15) years and disease duration was 4.5 (SD 4) years. Forty-three patients (29%) with Graves' disease and 105 (71%) with primary hypothyroidism were included. The 75th percentile of distribution was 420U/ml for anti-peroxidase antibodies and 200U/ml for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. PCA positivity was found in 30 patients, with an overall prevalence of 20.3%. PCA positivity with titers higher than 1/640 was found in 19 patients (12.8%). The only independent predictive factor of PCA positivity was the presence of elevated levels of ATAs (odds ratio (OR)=3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-8.6; p=0.04). The only independent predictive factor of PCA positivity at titers >/=1/640 was also the presence of elevated levels of ATAS (OR=7.3; 95% CI: 1.6-32.7; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PCA positivity in patients with ATD was 20%. Elevated levels of ATAs increase the risk of PCA positivity.

Prevalencia y factores predictivos de la presencia de anticuerpos anticelula parietal gastrica en la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune / Prevalence and predictive factors of parietal cell antibody positivity in autoimmune thyroid disease

Introducción Evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a las células parietales gástricas (ACP) en pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune (ETI). Material y métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal con inclusión de pacientes con ETI. Se determinó la presencia de ACP. Se definieron como títulos elevados de anticuerpos antitiroideos (ATAS) niveles de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa o antitiroglobulina superiores al percentil 75. Mediante modelo de regresión logística se evaluó la contribución independiente de las siguientes variables a la presencia de ACP positivos: edad, sexo, hemoglobina, volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), dosis/k de levotiroxina (LT4), duración de la ETI y títulos elevados de ATAS. Resultados Se incluyeron 148 pacientes (137 mujeres) con edad de 45,7 (DE 15) años y duración de la enfermedad de 4,5 (DE 4) años. De ellos, 43 (29%) tenían enfermedad de Graves y 105 (71%) hipotiroidismo primario. El percentil 75 fue para anticuerpos anti-peroxidasa 420U/ml y para anticuerpos antitiroglobulina 200U/ml. Los ACP fueron positivos en 30 pacientes, con una prevalencia global del 20,3%. Títulos iguales o superiores a 1/640 aparecieron en 19 pacientes (12,8%). El único factor predictivo independiente de ACP positivos fue la presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS (Odds Ratio [OR]=3; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 1,1–8,6; p=0,04). El único factor predictivo independiente de ACP positivos a títulos iguales o superiores a 1/640 fue también la presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS (OR=7,3; IC 95% 1,6–32,7; p=0,009). Conclusiones La prevalencia de ACP positivos en pacientes con ETI fue del 20%. La presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS incrementa el riesgo de aparición de ACP positivos (AU)

Background and objectives Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). Material and Methods We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with ATD. The presence of PCA was determined. Elevated antithyroid antibodies (ATAs) were defined as those higher than the 75th percentile of distribution. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to assess the independent contribution of the following variables to PCA positivity: age, sex, hemoglobin, medium corpuscular volume (MCV), dose/Kg of levothyroxine (LT4), disease duration and elevated ATA levels.