ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although the Talk Test (TT) is a reliable and low-cost test, its use for aerobic exercise prescription is still limited. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the heart rate (HR) in the stages of the TT and at the peak of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as a parameter to prescribe aerobic exercise compared with HR at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). METHODS: Individuals with cardiovascular disease attended three assessment days: 1) anamnesis and CPET; 2) 6MWT; and 3) TT. One-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman's test were used to compare HR at VT1 and VT2 with HR at TT stages: last positive (TT+), first equivocal (TT±), and negative (TT-), and at the peak of the 6MWT. Pearson's or Spearman's test assessed correlations between HR at VTs, TT stages, and 6MWT. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: The study included 22 cardiac patients (13 men, 61 ± 8 years). HR at VT1 was similar to HR at TT+ (p = 0.987) and TT± (p = 0.154), and moderately correlated with TT+ (r = 0.479, p = 0.024). HR at VT2 was similar to TT- (p = 0.383), with a strong correlation (r = 0.757, p < 0.001). HR at the peak of the 6MWT was significantly different from HR at TT+, TT±, and VT1 (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively) but similar to TT- (p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: HR at TT+ and TT- reflect HR at VT1 and VT2, respectively, differently from 6MWT, which was similar only to VT2. TT may be an objective test to assist aerobic exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation.
FUNDAMENTO: Embora o Teste da Fala (TF) seja um teste confiável e de baixo custo, seu uso para prescrição de exercício aeróbio ainda é limitado. OBJETIVO: Analisar a frequência cardíaca (FC) dos estágios do TF e no pico do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) como parâmetro para a prescrição de exercício aeróbio comparando com a FC no primeiro e segundo limiares ventilatórios (LV1 e LV2) do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE). MÉTODOS: Pacientes com doença cardiovascular compareceram a 3 dias de avaliação: 1) anamnese e TCPE; 2) TC6min; e 3) TF. Foram usados ANOVA unidirecional de medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman para comparar a FC no LV1 e LV2 com a FC nos estágios do TF: último positivo (TF+), primeiro equívoco (TF±) e negativo (TF−) e no pico do TC6min. O teste de Pearson ou Spearman avaliou se há correlação entre FC em LVs, estágios do TF e TC6min. A significância estatística foi fixada em 5%. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 22 pacientes cardíacos (13 homens, 61 ± 8 anos). A FC no LV1 foi semelhante à FC no TF+ (p = 0,987) e TF± (p = 0,154), e moderadamente correlacionada com o TF+ (r = 0,479, p = 0,024). A FC no LV2 foi semelhante ao TF− (p = 0,383), com forte correlação (r = 0,757, p < 0,001). A FC no pico do TC6min foi significativamente diferente da FC no TF+, TF± e LV1 (p = 0,001, p = 0,005 e p < 0,001, respectivamente), mas semelhante ao TF− (p = 0,68). CONCLUSÕES: A FC no TF+ e TF− reflete a FC no LV1 e LV2, respectivamente, diferentemente do TC6min, que foi semelhante apenas ao LV2. O TF pode ser um teste objetivo para auxiliar a prescrição de exercício aeróbio na reabilitação cardíaca.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Rehabilitation , Male , Humans , Walk Test , Heart Rate/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Exercise Therapy , Exercise Test , Oxygen Consumption/physiologyABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento Embora o Teste da Fala (TF) seja um teste confiável e de baixo custo, seu uso para prescrição de exercício aeróbio ainda é limitado. Objetivo Analisar a frequência cardíaca (FC) dos estágios do TF e no pico do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) como parâmetro para a prescrição de exercício aeróbio comparando com a FC no primeiro e segundo limiares ventilatórios (LV1 e LV2) do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE). Métodos Pacientes com doença cardiovascular compareceram a 3 dias de avaliação: 1) anamnese e TCPE; 2) TC6min; e 3) TF. Foram usados ANOVA unidirecional de medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman para comparar a FC no LV1 e LV2 com a FC nos estágios do TF: último positivo (TF+), primeiro equívoco (TF±) e negativo (TF−) e no pico do TC6min. O teste de Pearson ou Spearman avaliou se há correlação entre FC em LVs, estágios do TF e TC6min. A significância estatística foi fixada em 5%. Resultados O estudo incluiu 22 pacientes cardíacos (13 homens, 61 ± 8 anos). A FC no LV1 foi semelhante à FC no TF+ (p = 0,987) e TF± (p = 0,154), e moderadamente correlacionada com o TF+ (r = 0,479, p = 0,024). A FC no LV2 foi semelhante ao TF− (p = 0,383), com forte correlação (r = 0,757, p < 0,001). A FC no pico do TC6min foi significativamente diferente da FC no TF+, TF± e LV1 (p = 0,001, p = 0,005 e p < 0,001, respectivamente), mas semelhante ao TF− (p = 0,68). Conclusões A FC no TF+ e TF− reflete a FC no LV1 e LV2, respectivamente, diferentemente do TC6min, que foi semelhante apenas ao LV2. O TF pode ser um teste objetivo para auxiliar a prescrição de exercício aeróbio na reabilitação cardíaca.
Abstract Background Although the Talk Test (TT) is a reliable and low-cost test, its use for aerobic exercise prescription is still limited. Objective To analyze the heart rate (HR) in the stages of the TT and at the peak of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as a parameter to prescribe aerobic exercise compared with HR at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Methods Individuals with cardiovascular disease attended three assessment days: 1) anamnesis and CPET; 2) 6MWT; and 3) TT. One-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman's test were used to compare HR at VT1 and VT2 with HR at TT stages: last positive (TT+), first equivocal (TT±), and negative (TT−), and at the peak of the 6MWT. Pearson's or Spearman's test assessed correlations between HR at VTs, TT stages, and 6MWT. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results The study included 22 cardiac patients (13 men, 61 ± 8 years). HR at VT1 was similar to HR at TT+ (p = 0.987) and TT± (p = 0.154), and moderately correlated with TT+ (r = 0.479, p = 0.024). HR at VT2 was similar to TT− (p = 0.383), with a strong correlation (r = 0.757, p < 0.001). HR at the peak of the 6MWT was significantly different from HR at TT+, TT±, and VT1 (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively) but similar to TT− (p = 0.68). Conclusions HR at TT+ and TT− reflect HR at VT1 and VT2, respectively, differently from 6MWT, which was similar only to VT2. TT may be an objective test to assist aerobic exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Frailty is highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients. HF is associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which impair oxygen use by skeletal muscles. Little is known about the influence of frailty on vascular responsiveness and tissue oxygenation. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the influence of frailty on vascular responsiveness and muscle oxygenation in elderly individuals with and without HF. METHODS: Individuals aged ≥60 years, with or without HF, were evaluated for frailty (phenotype). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to assess muscle oxygenation at rest (oxygen saturation - StO2 and deoxyhemoglobin) and during handgrip exercise (minimum StO2 and maximum deoxyhemoglobin), and oxygenation variables. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Results were grouped according to the frailty phenotype: non-frail, pre-frail, and frail. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality. Data were compared using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bonferroni post hoc test was applied to determine the influence of frailty or HF on NIRS variables. SPSS software was used in the analyses; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 55 elderly participants (61.8% female; 70.4 ± 7.2 years old; 28 HF patients) participated in the study. 32.7% (n = 18) were classified as non-frail, 43.3% (n = 24) as pre-frail, and 23.6% (n = 13) as frail. The analysis of vascular responsiveness (n = 52) identified an influence (p < 0.05) of frailty on the reperfusion rate (slope 2 and ∆StO2 of nadir-peak) and desaturation during occlusion (area under the curve of StO2) in HF patients. There was no influence of frailty or HF on muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise (n = 54; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The coexistence of frailty and HF seems to impair vascular responsiveness, as frail elderly participants with HF presented lower reperfusion rates and higher desaturation levels during the arterial occlusion test. However, the presence of frailty or HF alone had no influence on muscle oxygenation at rest or during exercise.
Subject(s)
Frailty , Heart Failure , Aged , Chronic Disease , Female , Frailty/complications , Frailty/diagnosis , Hand Strength , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Oxygen Consumption , Spectroscopy, Near-InfraredABSTRACT
In this work, we evaluate the application of microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) to determine of Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in children's cough syrup, eye drops, and oral antiseptic using standard dilution analysis (SDA). The SDA method is simple, with only two calibration solutions prepared per sample. The first solution (S1), composed of 50% sample +50% of a standard solution, is introduced into the plasma and the analytical signals are monitored in a time-resolved fashion. Then, the second solution (S2), composed of 50% sample +50% blank, is poured into the vial containing S1. As the solutions mix, the analytical signals gradually drop to a stable baseline. The calibration curve is computed by plotting the ratio of the analyte signal (SA) over the internal standard signal (which is also part of S1) (SIS) on the y-axis, versus the inverse of the IS concentration on the x-axis (i.e., SA/SIS versus 1/CIS). In this study, SDA results were compared with values obtained with the traditional methods of external calibration (EC), internal standardization (IS), and standard additions (SA) in MIP OES determinations. The precision (represented as percent RSD) for SDA showed values in the range of 2.50-8.00% for all samples, while conventional calibration methods showed RSDs in the range of 6.40-32.50% for EC, 8.30-21.80% for IS, and 5.20-17.40% for SA. The LODs calculated for SDA are below the maximum limits allowed by the major pharmaceutical regulatory agencies, and presents superior precision and accuracy compared to the traditional calibration methods. Considering its simplicity and efficiency, SDA is an important new tool for accurate analyses of pharmaceuticals.
