Hydatid Cyst of the Cerebellopontine Angle.

Hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The liver is the first organ of entry, while the central nervous system is affected in about 2% of cases. Primary brain hydatid cyst is extremely rare. The cysts are generally located in cerebral lobes. Here, we reported a 68-year-old Syrian immigrant woman with hydatid cyst in the left cerebellopontine angle. The patient presented gait disturbance, asymmetrical palatal arcs, negative gag reflex, and disturbed cerebellar tests on the left side. The patient was operated via suboccipital craniotomy. The cyst ruptured during manipulation, but it was totally removed.

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in a Renal Transplant Patient.

Aneurysmal bone cysts constitute 1% to 2% of all primary bone tumors.They are rapidly growing benign bone tumors. Nearly 80% of aneurysmal bone cysts occur in the first 20 years of life, and most are primary tumors. Aneurysmal bone cysts are mostly benign, locally aggressive, and highly vascularized tumors. Generally, the period required for postoperative recovery and new bone formation is long. The relapse rate can be up to 50%. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans are the preferred diagnostic methods, biopsy is the most necessary prerequisite to confirm diagnosis, as aspects of these cysts can show similarity to many other bone lesions. Correct histopathologic diagnosis is important since malignancies may be seen in transplant recipients.

Cervical Spinal Ependymoma With Hemorrhage in a Renal Transplant Patient.

Ependymomas are the most common intramedullary spinal tumors in adults and constitute around 20% of all spinal tumors in adults. There are 3 subgroups of ependymomas according to World Health Organization classification: subependymoma or myxopapillary (grade 1), ependymoma (grade 2), and anaplastic (grade 3). Therapy for patients is aimed at safe and total surgical removal and, in selected cases, postoperative radiotherapy. Bleeding from a spinal ependymoma, with subsequent urgent surgery, is extremely rare. Here, we present a case of a renal transplant patient who had a cervical ependymoma. Although a considerable volume of peritumoral blood was observed during surgery, the patient had no neurologic deficits and no signs of deterioration.

Donor Safety, Risks, and Complications in Solid-Organ Transplant.

We conducted a literature search on the status of living donors, donor health, and risks of donations in living liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, and small intestine donors. The literature search was made using the PubMed database and the following key words: living donor, transplantation, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, and small intestine. We found that living donors have a generally favorable outcome; however, follow-up should not be limited to 2 years since some com-plications may be seen in later years. Systems should be developed for early detection of problems, and future research should be directed to nonhuman sources for the treatment of end-stage solid-organ diseases.

Balloon Kyphoplasty Is a Safe and Effective Option for the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: Solid-organ transplant recipients are at great risk for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures because of both underlying pretransplant bone diseases and posttransplant immunosuppressive treatments. Balloon kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure that is used to treat painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. It involves injection of polymethylmethacrylate into the vertebral body to stabilize the fracture and to alleviate the pain immediately. In this study, we report the results of balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral compression fractures in solid-organ transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 512 liver transplant and 2248 kidney transplant procedures that were performed in our center between 1985 and 2015. Seven transplant recipients with a total of 10 acute, symptomatic vertebral compression fractures who were unresponsive to conservative treatment for 3 weeks underwent balloon kyphoplasty. Clinical outcome was graded using the visual analog scale. Radiographic evaluation included measurement of the segmental kyphosis by the Cobb method. RESULTS: There were 4 female and 3 male patients in our study group. Ages of patients ranged from 56 to 63 years with an average age of 58.8 years. The affected vertebral levels varied from T12 to L4. Mean follow-up after balloon kyphoplasty was 3.4 years, and mean time interval from transplant to balloon kyphoplasty was 8.6 years. Statistically significant difference is evident 3 years after transplant surgery (P < .05). Sagittal alignment improved (> 5 degrees) in 2 of 7 patients (28%). CONCLUSIONS: Transplant recipients are at great risk in terms of vertebral compression fracture development, especially within 1 year after transplant. Although conservative treatment has been the first treatment choice for vertebral compression fracture, long treatment time and high costs may be needed to achieve cure. Experience with our small patient population showed that balloon kyphoplasty was effective and safe for obtaining rapid pain relief and earlier mobilization with fewer complications.

Microsatellite Instability in Glioblastoma: Is It Really Relevant in Tumor Prognosis?

AIM: To evaluate the frequency and prognostic significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM), an immunohistochemical analysis of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins was performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 71 patients with GBM who underwent surgery between 2011 and 2019, were included in the study. MMR protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistical analysis of tumor tissue samples; the association between the MMR status and clinicopathological findings was evaluated. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expressions of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 proteins in 67 (94.4%), 65 (91.5%), 67 (94.4%), and 64 (90.1%) patients, respectively. Among the 71 patients, 64 (90.1%) expressing all MMR proteins were considered microsatellite stable (MSS), and 7 (9.9%) patients showing loss of at least one of the MMR proteins were considered to show MSI. Tumor recurrence was noted in 25 (39.1%) patients in the MSS GBM group, and 4 (57.1%) patients in the MSI GBM group (p=0.433). The overall median survival was 30.65 ± 5.1 and 10.71 ± 5.2 months in the MSS GBM and MSI GBM groups, respectively (p=0.059). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed no significant relationships between MMR protein expression and recurrence rates or overall survival in patients with GBM.

Vertebral Body Lipoma: An Unusual Pathology Treated With Kyphoplasty.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: This case report is unique since this is the first vertebral lipom case that was treated by kyphoplasty alone. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Vertebral lipoma is extremely rare and our search of the English literature has revealed 20 patients in 16 reports. METHODS: A 32-year-old female patient was admitted to our neurosurgery department with the chief complaint of low back pain that had lasted nearly 1 year. A lumbar MR suggested a hemangioma and the patient was operated on. RESULTS: On microscopic examination, the lesion was seen to have a widely infiltrating appearance of mature fat tissue between bone trabeculae diagnosis was intraosseous lipoma. CONCLUSION: We believe that the management should be surgical total removal of the lesion even in incidentally found cases in order to obtain histologic diagnosis and pain relief. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

The Economics of Organ Transplantation.

To determine the cost effectiveness of transplantation, we analyzed the financial economics of the organ and tissue transplant process. We compared the cost of this process with traditional modalities for treating endstage liver and kidney disease. Medical, surgical, legal, social, ethical, and religious issues are important in organ transplant procedures. Government, health insurance companies, and uninsured individuals are affected by the financial economics of organ transplantation. The distribution of financial burden differs among countries and is dependent on the unique circumstances of each country.

Intracranial Fungal Infection After Solid-Organ Transplant.

Neurologic complications after solid-organ transplant reveal a great spectrum of pathologies. Intracranial hemorrhages, cerebral ischemic lesions, infarctions, lymphoproliferative disorders, and infections, including aspergillosis, have been observed after liver transplant. Fungi constitute nearly 5% of all central nervous system infections, mainly occurring in immunocompromised patients. The most common causative agent is Aspergillus species. It presents either as maxillary sinusitis or pulmonary infection. Brain involvement of Aspergillus carries a high rate of mortality. Aspergillosis presents in the forms of meningitis, mycotic aneurysms, infarctions, and mass lesions. Aspergillosis does not have a specific radiologic appearance. Parenchymal aspergillosis has heterogenous signal intensity (hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted images). Here, we present 3 patients who underwent solid-organ transplant and developed central nervous system aspergillosis. Different modalities of neurosurgical intervention were performed in combination with chemotherapy as part of their fungal therapy.

Prognostic Impact of Histologic Subtype in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Retrospective Analysis of 104 Patients.

AIM: In this study, factors affecting survival, local failure, distant brain failure, whole brain failure and whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) free survival according to histological subtypes were investigated in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with positive pathology reports for adenocarcinoma (ACA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were included in the study. Seventy-eight ACA and 26 SCC patients were included in the study. Patients with previous history of cerebral metastasis surgery and WBRT were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The median survival was calculated as 12.6 months for patients with ACA and 5.9 months for patients with SCC. One-year distant brain failure was calculated as 65.1% in ACA patients and 39.6% in SCC patients. One-year whole brain failure was calculated as 58.1% in ACA patients and 39.6% in SCC patients. The one-year freedom from WBRT rate was calculated as 72.8% in ACA patients and 56.3% in SCC patients. SCC histology was considered as a significant factor in deterioration of overall survival in multivariate analysis. SCC histology, the increase in the number of metastases and RPA class were factors that caused an increase in distant brain failure. Also, SCC histology, the increase in the number of metastases and RPA class were factors that caused an increase in whole brain failure. CONCLUSION: SCC histology may be an important prognostic factor for overall survival. Also, due to high distant brain failure rate in SCC histology, WBRT can be added to treatment early.

Turkish Contribution to Journal of Neurosurgery and Acta Neurochirurgica.

AIM: To evaluate the contribution of Turkish scientists to four journals published by Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS) Publishing Group and to Acta Neurochirurgica (AN) and to its Supplement (ANS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed every issue of those journals to December 2015 for the total number of articles, articles produced from studies performed entirely in Turkey, and for publications overseas co-authored by the Turkish scientists using the websites of these journals. Citations were searched using "Web of Science" and "Google Scholar" databases. RESULTS: The total number of articles published was 19822 for JNS, 3227 for JNS Spine, 2526 for JNS Pediatrics and 2997 for Neurosurgical Focus. Turkish contribution was 556 articles. 337 (60.61%) articles were the products of studies performed entirely in Turkey, while 219 (39.38%) articles came from overseas, co-authored by Turkish scientists. Overall contribution was 1.94%. A total of 6469 articles were published in AN. 340 papers were the products of studies performed entirely in Turkey. Turkish scientists working overseas co-authored 37 articles. Total contribution was 377 articles (5.82%). 4134 papers had been published in ANS. Contribution was 69 articles (1.66%). CONCLUSION: Turkish contribution to these journals has started late. The gap has been compensated with publications in the last two decades. Manuscripts of higher scientific level with greater number of citations are needed to increase Turkish contribution to such journals.

Transplant Ethics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review and discuss the great variety of ethical issues related to organ donation, organ procurement, transplant activities, and new ethical problems created as a result of technologic and scientific developments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensive literature survey was made, and expert opinions were obtained. RESULTS: The gap between demand and supply of organs for transplant has yielded to organ trafficking, organ tourism, and commercialism. This problem seems to be the most important issue, and naturally there are ethical dilemmas related to it. A wide number of ideas have been expressed on the subject, and different solutions have been proposed. CONCLUSION: The struggle against organ trafficking and commercialism should include legislation, efforts to increase deceased-donor donations, and international cooperation. China's policy to procure organs from prisoners sentenced to death is unethical, and the international community should exert more pressure on the Chinese government to cease this practice. Each particular ethical dilemma should be taken separately and managed.

Brain Death and Transplant in Islamic Countries.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the present status regarding brain death, its consequences, and transplant activities in Islamic countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thorough literature survey was conducted about transplant activities in Islamic countries, and the Turkish Ministry of Health Web site was analyzed. Expert opinions about the issue were obtained. RESULTS: The present status of brain death and transplant activities has shown a heterogeneous appearance in the Islamic world. Our literature survey clearly revealed that transplant is still in its early stages in many Islamic states. The legislative framework, infrastructure, and related education needs radical improvements in these states. CONCLUSION: The concept of death has to be redefined and a consensus should be reached about brain death. The pioneer countries like Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. which already have considerable experience in transplant, should share their expertise and knowledge with the countries that need guidance.

Cortical membranectomy in chronic subdural hematoma: Report of two cases.

Different surgical procedures have been used in the management of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Nowadays treatment with burr hole is more preferable than craniotomy in most clinics. We present two cases of CSDH, which caused neurological deficits. In both cases cortical membranectomy was performed following craniotomy. After this procedure, significant improvement was observed in patients neurological deficits. We recommend that craniotomy and subtotal membranectomy may be a more adequate choice in such cases. This report underlined that craniotomy is still an acceptable, safe, efficient and even a better procedure in selected patients with CSDH.

Presence of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene polymorphisms and immunohistochemical expressions in intracranial meningiomas.

OBJECT: Meningiomas are benign extraaxial tumors with a slow progression. Some of them, in spite of being benign in nature, may show an aggressive progression pattern. To investigate the behavioral characteristics of meningiomas, researchers have studied matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), interstitial collagens, proteins, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factors. METHODS: In this study, the authors investigated MMP2 and TIMP2 gene polymorphisms in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples obtained from meningioma patients who had previously undergone surgery at the authors' institution. In addition, brain invasion, Ki-67 index, and MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expressions were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. MMP2 (735C>T, 1575G>A, 1306C>T) and TIMP2 (418G>C, 303C>T) gene polymorphisms were investigated from paraffin-embedded tissue sections using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between genotype (p = 0.001) and allele frequencies (p = 0.001 and OR 7.4 [95% CI 1.5-36.2]) in patient and control groups for MMP2 1306C>T polymorphism. The authors did not find a statistically significant difference for other polymorphisms. GA genotype was found to be more frequent when brain invasion was suspected for MMP2 1575G>A polymorphism (p = 0.006). There was not a statistically significant difference for other MMP2 or TIMP2 gene polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' results support the importance of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors in meningioma pathogenesis. In future studies, these gene polymorphisms, especially MMP2 1306C>T and 1575G>A, should be investigated for meningioma or brain invasion susceptibility in larger study groups.

Minocycline treatment inhibits lipid peroxidation, preserves spinal cord ultrastructure, and improves functional outcome after traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized experimental research. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short- and long-term neuroprotective effects of minocycline on the secondary injury process of an experimental traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Traumatic SCI is a devastating problem of health that results in high morbidity and mortality rates. The loss of function after SCI results from both the primary mechanical insult and the subsequent, multifaceted secondary response. METHODS: A total of 80 adult male Spraque-Dawley rats (breeded by the Baskent University Animal Research Center) were randomly divided into 4 groups. A T10 contusion injury was produced by using modified Allen technique in all groups except the control group. No medication was administered to the rats in the trauma group. Minocycline was administered intraperitoneally and intravenously to the treatment groups. Short-term and/or long-term neuroprotective effects of minocycline on the lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, glutathione), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling), ultrastructure of spinal cord (tissue electron microscopy), and behavioral assessments (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan) were evaluated. RESULTS: As compared with the trauma group, tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione levels demonstrated that minocycline significantly diminishes lipid peroxidation. Electromicroscopic study showed that minocycline preserves the ultrastructure of spinal cord tissue in the early post-traumatic period. Minocycline treatment significantly reduced the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling positive cells both 1 day and 28 days after SCI. Behavioral assessments showed significant improvement in the hind limb functions of minocycline receiving rats starting 7 days after the SCI. Any statistically significant difference was not found between intraperitoneal or intravenous routes for minocycline injection. CONCLUSION: Minocycline is neuroprotective and contributes to functional improvement after traumatic SCI by eliminating the destructive process of secondary injury. Having both satisfying anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in experimental models, it promises to be of therapeutic use in human SCI.

Osteoblastoma of C2 Corpus: 4 Years Follow-up.

Osteoblastomas are rare neoplasms of the spine. The majority of the spinal lesions arise from the posterior elements and involvement of the corpus is usually by extension through the pedicles. An extremely rare case of isolated C2 corpus osteoblastoma is presented herein. A 9-year-old boy who presented with neck pain and spasmodic torticollis was shown to have a lesion within the corpus of C2. He underwent surgery via an anterior cervical approach and the completely-resected mass was reported to be an osteoblastoma. The pain resolved immediately after surgery and he had radiologic assessments on a yearly basis. He was symptom-free 4 years post-operatively with benign radiologic findings. Although rare, an osteoblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neck pain and torticollis, especially in patients during the first two decades of life. The standard treatment for osteoblastomas is radical surgical excision because the recurrence rate is high following incomplete resection.

Identification of promoter region methylation patterns of MGMT, CDKN2A, GSTP1, and THBS1 genes in intracranial meningioma patients.

BACKGROUND: Cytogenetic, molecular and epigenetic changes are all known to take place in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. In this study, we aimed at investing methylation of MGMT (DNA repair), CDKN2A (cell cycle control), GSTP1 (detoxification), and THBS1 (angiogenesis inhibitor) genes, which are known to be unmethylated in normal tissue, in meningioma samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction was used to study promoter regions methylation of genes in 36 patient samples. RESULTS: Methylation in promoter regions of MGMT, CDKN2A, GSTP1, and THBS1 genes were found in 11.1%, 8.3%, 2.8%, and 0% of the cases, respectively. About 19.4% of cases revealed promoter methylation of at least a single gene, whereas only 2.8% of cases revealed methylation of more than one gene. Based on their World Health Organization 2007 grade; 6.3% of grade I cases, 35.3% of grade II cases, and 33.3% of grade III cases showed hypermethylation in the promoter regions of the genes studied. No statistically significant relation was found between promoter zone methylation and factors such as age, sex, histopathology, grade, or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Further research on promoter zone methylation will help expose the methylation profile and pathogenesis of meningiomas, which will consequently guide to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, thus ensuring a better understanding of the prognosis and considering novel treatment options.

Percutaneous CT-guided treatment of recurrent spinal cyst hydatid.

The involvement of spinal column in cyst hydatid disease is rare and hard to treat. The gold standard treatment is total removal of the cysts without rupture. However, recurrence after surgery is almost inevitable and reoperations carries technical difficulties and higher morbidity. We present a 69-year-old woman with two cystic masses at the T12 level, which compress the spinal cord causing severe paresis in her left leg. Under local anestesia, the cysts were aspirated and irrigated with 20% hypertonic saline solution via bilateral T12 transpedicular route. We aimed to report that percutaneous CT guided treatment should be considered as an alternative therapeutic option in case of recurrent spinal cyst hydatid.

Simple decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow via proximal and distal mini skin incisions.

The purpose of the present study was to describe a new minimally invasive surgical technique for decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome. Four patients underwent surgical treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome. Preoperative clinical states were classified by using the McGowan grading system and the postoperative states were recorded by using the Wilson and Krout grading system. Preoperative and last follow-up electromyographic results were also recorded. At the last follow-up, three patients were recorded as excellent and one patient was recorded as good according to Wilson and Krout grading system. One patient showed improvement in sensory nerve conduction velocity another showed improvement in motor nerve conduction velocity at the last follow-up. We conclude that simple decompression of the ulnar nerve at elbow via proximal and distal mini skin incisions is an effective, technically simple and safe surgical method in the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome.