ABSTRACT
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration (TR). Improving functional TR requires highly selective strategies for specific cell attraction. Embedding iron oxide nanoparticles into a BC matrix can drive magnetically labeled cells to specific tissues where they may begin to heal injured tissue. This article focuses on characterization and in vitro toxicity assessment of magnetic BC (MBC). We proposed to detect the production of radical oxygen species (ROS), esterase activity, and apoptosis to study cytotoxic interactions of MBC within its bioenvironment. Morphological characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy where evidence shows that the diameter of MBC fibers compared to BC fibers was 33% smaller, and the pore areas were 25% bigger. Cytotoxicity assays in porcine aortic smooth muscle cells exposed for 24 hours to BC, MBC, and poly(ethylene glycol)-coated MBC (MBC-PEG) reveals 96% viability and 9% ROS production for MBC-PEG. In contrast, 25% of cells exposed to MBC were apoptotic, suggesting that even when the cells were metabolically active, MBC can induce damage. These outcomes support the need for more integral assessment in the hopes of assessing the potential biosafety and uses of nanocomposites for TR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2801-2809, 2016.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Cellulose/chemistry , Gluconacetobacter xylinus/chemistry , Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Biocompatible Materials/toxicity , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cellulose/chemical synthesis , Cellulose/toxicity , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/toxicity , Magnetite Nanoparticles/toxicity , Polyethylene Glycols/chemical synthesis , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/toxicity , SwineABSTRACT
The interfaces between organic and inorganic phases in natural materials have a significant effect on their mechanical properties. This work presents a quantification of the interface stress as a function of interface chemical changes (water, organic molecules) in chitin-calcite (CHI-CAL) interfaces using classical non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. NEMD is used to investigate interface stress as a function of applied strain based on the virial stress formulation. SMD is used to understand interface separation mechanism and to calculate interfacial shear stress based on a viscoplastic interfacial sliding model. Analyses indicate that interfacial shear stress combined with shear viscosity can result in variations to the mechanical properties of the examined interfacial material systems. It is further verified with Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell viscoelastic analytical models representing viscous interfaces and outer matrix. Further analyses show that overall mechanical deformation depends on maximization of interface shear strength in such materials. This work establishes lower and upper bounds of interface strength in the interfaces examined.
