The influence of cosmetic treatments in the uptake of in vitro cocaine contamination in hair.

Hair analysis is a powerful tool to assess drug use, yet the challenge of external contamination complicates its interpretation. Understanding the influence of cosmetic hair treatments is pivotal as their presence may affect this phenomenon. This study investigated the effects of four cosmetic treatments (bleach, henna, gel, and dry shampoo) on the external in vitro contamination of cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BE). Hair samples were divided into four groups: A-hair treated with cosmetics then contaminated; B-hair contaminated then subjected to cosmetic treatment; and C-hair solely contaminated (control group). Negative hair samples (n = 24) were immersed in a cocaine and BE aqueous solution of 1 µg/mL for 24 h. All hair samples were analyzed by a LC-MSMS procedure successfully validated according to ANSI/ASB Standard 036 guidelines (limit of quantification at 10 pg/mg). Henna in Group A (n = 13) resulted in the most substantial reduction for cocaine (92%), while bleach in Group B (n = 15) showed an 80% decrease. For BE, Group A henna (n = 13) exhibited a 50% reduction, and Group B bleach (n = 15) demonstrated a 71% decrease, all compared to Group C (n = 24). The study found no significant differences concerning hair color (black (n = 3), brown (n = 10), red (n = 5) and blond (n = 6)) or shape (straight (n = 6), wavy (n = 16), curly (n = 1), and coily (n = 1)). All analysis were performed in triplicate with variations below 20%. These findings emphasize that cosmetic treatments do affect cocaine/BE concentrations in hair when exposed to external contamination, highlighting the importance of considering an individual's cosmetic history prior to interpretation.

A Pan-Canadian narrative review on the protocols for reopening dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is impacting the way in which dental services are provided. The aim of this narrative review was twofold: to summarize key areas from the Canadian protocols available for the reopening and restructuring of dental services across the country and to critically review these protocols based on existing evidence. A narrative review of the existing Canadian protocols, written in English and French, was undertaken between April 15 and July 13, 2020. The protocols were obtained by searching through regulatory bodies and websites from professional organizations, and from personal contacts through academic institutions and policy leaders. The data extraction form focused only on protocols related to dentistry, and the information was compiled by a hired assistant. Content was categorized via group discussions with the research team on eight areas: office management and procedures, patient and staff screening, treatment procedures, office layout, risk reduction, personal protective equipment, supporting information, and length and readability. Thirteen protocols were identified and offered substantial variation in the level of details provided. All but two protocols specified proper donning/doffing of personal protective equipment, while all protocols recommended daily monitoring of COVID-19 related signs and symptoms in staff and patients. They varied in terms of recommended mask types, eye and face shield protection, and head coverings. While all protocols aimed at restructuring emergency dental services, their recommendations were often not based on the published evidence. This narrative review summarized key areas from 13 provincial and territorial protocols in Canada to help oral health care providers plan the reopening of their services. The information conveyed across all documents was clear, but variance highlights the need for a coordinated effort to develop an evidence-based document for dental practitioners.

A participatory approach to elucidate the consequences of land invasions on REDD+ initiatives: A case study with Indigenous communities in Panama.

Land tenure and tenure security are among the most important factors determining the viability and success of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives. The premise of the present paper is that territorial conflicts lead to forest loss and compromise the successful implementation of REDD+. Within this context, the main objectives of this paper are to (i) document, relying on participatory methods, the extent to which land conflicts drive deforestation and (ii) reflect on the legal context of REDD+ examining if, from an Indigenous perspective, it offers tools to resolve such conflicts. We used the Upper Bayano Watershed in eastern Panama as a case study of complex land tenure dynamics, and their effects on forest conservation in the context of REDD+. Combining a range of participatory methods including participatory mapping and forest carbon stock assessment, we estimated the consequences of land invasions on forest carbon stocks. Our analysis shows that invasions of Indigenous territories amounted to 27.6% of the total deforestation for the period of 2001-2014. The situation is of paramount concern in the Embera territory of Majé where 95.4% of total deforestation was caused by colonist invaders. Using and validating the maps made freely available by the Global Forest Change initiative of the University of Maryland, we then developed a reference level for the watershed and carried out a back of the envelop estimation of likely REDD+ revenue, showing its potential to bring much needed income to Indigenous communities striving to protect their forest estate. Our analysis of current legislation in Panama highlights confusion and important legal voids and emphasizes the strong links between land tenure, carbon ownership, and territorial invasions. The options and shortcoming of implementing REDD+ in Indigenous territories is discussed in the conclusion taking our legal review into account.

The endonasal approach for treatment of cerebral aneurysms: A critical review of the literature.

The last two decades of neurosurgery have seen flourishing use of the endonasal approach for the treatment of skull base tumors. Safe and effective resections of neoplasms requiring intracranial arterial dissection have been performed using this technique. Recently, there have been a growing number of case reports describing the use of the endonasal approach to surgically clip cerebral aneurysms. We review the use of these approaches in intracranial aneurysm clipping and analyze its advantages, limitations, and consider future directions. Three major electronic databases were queried using relevant search terms. Pertinent case studies of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms were considered. Data from included studies were analyzed. 8 case studies describing 9 aneurysms (4 ruptured and 5 unruptured) treated by the endonasal approach met inclusion criteria. All studies note the ability to gain proximal and distal control and successful aneurysm obliteration was obtained for 8 of 9 aneurysms. 1 intraoperative rupture occurred and was controlled, and delayed complications of cerebrospinal fluid leak, vasospasm, and hydrocephalus occurred in 1, 1, and 2 patients, respectively. Described limitations of this technique include aneurysm orientation and location, the need for lower profile technology, and challenges with handling intraoperative rupture. The endonasal approach for clipping of intracranial aneurysms can be an effective approach in only very select cases as demonstrated clinically and through cadaveric exploration. Further investigation with lower profile clip technology and additional studies need to be performed. Options of alternative therapy, limitations of this approach, and team experience must first be considered.

Efectividad de dos aparatos ortopédicos funcionales en el tratamiento preventivo e interceptivo de las maloclusiones, en pacientes del área de odontología infantil y ortodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de El Salvador / Effectiveness of two functional orthopedic devices in the preventive and interceptive treatment of malocclusions in patients in the area of children's dentistry and orthodontics of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of El Salvador

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo primordial verificar la efectividad o no de dos Aparatos Ortopédicos Funcionales: Pistas Planas Indirectas Clase I y Simões Network 2 para el tratamiento preventivo e interceptivo de las maloclusiones. Para su realización se plantean los siguientes objetivos: medir si las relaciones sagitales y transversales de los arcos dentarios se mantienen o han sido modificadas tanto en los análisis clínicos como en modelos, comprobar los cambios esperados en los arcos dentarios y funcionales óseos a través de una radiografía cefalométrica de control. Esta investigación se realizó desde mayo hasta agosto de 2006, en la Clínica de Odontología Infantil y Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de El Salvador, con una población de 12 niños en dentición mixta, atendidos durante los ciclo I y II 2005, los cuales se evalúan a través de 4 Guías de Observación por cada niño, cuyos resultados se analizan por medio de la interpretación de cuadros estadísticos de frecuencias y gráficos de barras verticales, en los cuales se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: El Aparato Pistas Planas Indirectas Clase I cumplió con los principios y características de un Aparato Ortopédico Funcional en un 100%, mientras que el Simões Network 2 cumplió con un 75%. Por lo tanto se concluye que el éxito se considera total para las Pistas Planas Indirectas Clase I y parcial para el Simões Network 2, pues a pesar del porcentaje de funcionabilidad quedan algunos parámetros en las diferentes guías en los que no tuvieron ninguna modificación significativa.

The main objective of this research is to verify the effectiveness or not of two Functional Orthopedic Devices: Indirect Flat Tracks Class I and Simões Network 2 for the preventive and interceptive treatment of malocclusions. To carry it out, the following objectives are proposed: to measure whether the sagittal and transverse relationships of the dental arches are maintained or have been modified both in clinical analyzes and in models, to verify the expected changes in the dental arches and bone functional arches through a control cephalometric radiograph. This research was carried out from May to August 2006, at the Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of El Salvador, with a population of 12 children with mixed dentition, treated during cycles I and II 2005, which are evaluated through 4 Observation Guides for each child, whose results are analyzed through the interpretation of statistical tables of frequencies and vertical bar graphs, in which the following results were obtained: The Apparatus Indirect Flat Tracks Class I complied with the principles and characteristics of a Functional Orthopedic Appliance in 100%, while Simões Network 2 complied with 75%. Therefore, it is concluded that the success is considered total for the Class I Indirect Flat Tracks and partial for the Simões Network 2, because despite the percentage of functionality there are some parameters in the different guides in which they did not have any significant modification.