Molecular detection of Hepatozoon canis in dogs from Ibagué, Tolima.

The genus Hepatozoon consists of apicomplexan protozoans that affect mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. In dogs, the Hepatozoon species include H. canis and H. americanum, which are transmitted by the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick and cause nonspecific signs, such as fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and blood disorders. These protozoans have a worldwide distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America, including Colombia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with H. canis in the urban and rural areas of Ibagué, Colombia. Blood samples were collected from 308 dogs (180 rural areas and 128 urban areas). Collected data included dog breed, sex, age, environmental factors, and the presence of ectoparasites. A fragment of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR for detection of the pathogen and confirmed by sequencing. Among the 308 samples, 14 were positive (14/308, 4.5%) for the presence of H. canis. The partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene showed identity values >98% with H. canis, forming a cluster with sequences from Latin America. An epidemiological survey found two protective factors: most of the time at home (P=0.055) and overnight stay at home (P=0.03). This is the first molecular study of the prevalence and phylogeny analysis of H. canis in Ibagué, Colombia. The findings may help determine risk factors and enhance our understanding of the geographic distribution of H. canis in Colombia.

Beyond translation: Transcreation of a clinicians' guide to structure discussions about health-related values with Latinx patients throughout cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to ensure accurate translation and cultural appropriateness of a guide designed to help oncology clinicians provide person-centered care to Spanish-speaking Latinx patients with cancer. METHODS: Initial translation of a clinician-patient values discussion guide in open-ended question format ("Guide") was pretested in interviews with 27 Spanish-speaking individuals, followed by national expert panel review. At three sites, semi-structured, in-depth, audio-recorded interviews in the participant's preferred language (Spanish/English) were then conducted with Latinx patients receiving systemic treatment for a solid tumor malignancy and family joining them at clinic. RESULTS: Interviews of 43 patient/family participants representing diverse Latinx communities addressed the Guide's understandability, acceptability, relevance and responsiveness. Rapid analysis of interviews contributed to cultural adaptation/transcreation of the Guide for a pilot interventional trial. CONCLUSION: Moving beyond translation to transcreation can help promote inclusion, equity, and cultural sensitivity in oncologic care/communication. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians now have a linguistically- and culturally-adapted guide including questions and prompts to help structure discussions in Spanish or English of health-related values with Latinx patients receiving oncologic care.

Understanding Resilience and Mental Well-Being in Southwest Indigenous Nations and the Impact of COVID-19: Protocol for a Multimethods Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite experiencing many adversities, American Indian and Alaska Native populations have demonstrated tremendous resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing upon Indigenous determinants of health (IDOH) and Indigenous Nation Building. OBJECTIVE: Our multidisciplinary team undertook this study to achieve two aims: (1) to determine the role of IDOH in tribal government policy and action that supports Indigenous mental health and well-being and, in turn, resilience during the COVID-19 crisis and (2) to document the impact of IDOH on Indigenous mental health, well-being, and resilience of 4 community groups, specifically first responders, educators, traditional knowledge holders and practitioners, and members of the substance use recovery community, working in or near 3 Native nations in Arizona. METHODS: To guide this study, we developed a conceptual framework based on IDOH, Indigenous Nation Building, and concepts of Indigenous mental well-being and resilience. The research process was guided by the Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, Ethics (CARE) principles for Indigenous Data Governance to honor tribal and data sovereignty. Data were collected through a multimethods research design, including interviews, talking circles, asset mapping, and coding of executive orders. Special attention was placed on the assets and culturally, socially, and geographically distinct features of each Native nation and the communities within them. Our study was unique in that our research team consisted predominantly of Indigenous scholars and community researchers representing at least 8 tribal communities and nations in the United States. The members of the team, regardless of whether they identified themselves as Indigenous or non-Indigenous, have many collective years of experience working with Indigenous Peoples, which ensures that the approach is culturally respectful and appropriate. RESULTS: The number of participants enrolled in this study was 105 adults, with 92 individuals interviewed and 13 individuals engaged in 4 talking circles. Because of time constraints, the team elected to host talking circles with only 1 nation, with participants ranging from 2 to 6 in each group. Currently, we are in the process of conducting a qualitative analysis of the transcribed narratives from interviews, talking circles, and executive orders. These processes and outcomes will be described in future studies. CONCLUSIONS: This community-engaged study lays the groundwork for future studies addressing Indigenous mental health, well-being, and resilience. Findings from this study will be shared through presentations and publications with larger Indigenous and non-Indigenous audiences, including local recovery groups, treatment centers, and individuals in recovery; K-12 and higher education educators and administrators; directors of first responder agencies; traditional medicine practitioners; and elected community leaders. The findings will also be used to produce well-being and resilience education materials, in-service training sessions, and future recommendations for stakeholder organizations. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/44727.

Artificial neural networks model: Neuropsychological variables and their relationship with body fat percentage in adults / Modelo de redes neuronales artificiales: Variables neuropsicológicas y su relación con el porcentaje de grasa corporal en adultos

Abstract There is a growing interest to understand the neural functions and substrates of complex cognitive processes related to Obesity (OB). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being applied, specifically the perceptron model of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in non-communicable chronic diseases, to identify with greater certainty the connective factors (synaptic networks) between the input variables and the output variables associated. Objective Identify the synaptic weights of the ANN whose input variables are the executive functions (EF) and healthy lifestyles as predictors of Body Fat Percentage (BFP) in a group of adult subjects with different levels of BFP. Methods It was an exploratory, quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative, convenience, and explanatory research. The Neuropsychological Battery (BANFE-2) and the Overeating Questionnaire (OQ) were administered to 40 participants aged between 18-38 years. BFP was measured using a RENPHO ES-24M Smart Body Composition Scale. The perceptron ANN model with ten trials was applied with a multilayer-perceptron. Results The ANN showed that the sensory variables with greater synaptic weight for BFP were Stroop A and B Errors and Successes of BANFE-2, and OQ scales Rationalizations and Healthy Habits. Conclusions ANN proved to be important in the simultaneous analysis of neuropsychological and healthy lifestyle data for the analysis of OB prevention and treatment by identifying the variables that are closely related. These findings open the door for the use of non-linear analysis models, which allow the identification of relationships of different weights, between input and output variables, to more effectively direct interventions to modify obesity habits.

Resumen Existe un interés creciente por comprender las funciones neuronales y sustratos cognitivos complejos relacionados con la obesidad. Se está aplicando Inteligencia Artificial, en concreto el modelo perceptrón de Redes Neuronales Artificiales en enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, para identificar con mayor certeza los factores de conexión (redes sinápticas) entre las variables de entrada y las variables de salida. Objetivo Identificar pesos sinápticos de la RNA cuyas variables de entrada fueron las funciones ejecutivas y los estilos de vida saludable, como predictores del Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal en un grupo de sujetos adultos con diferentes niveles del Porcentaje de Grasa. Métodos se trató de una investigación exploratoria, cuantitativa, transversal, comparativa, de conveniencia y explicativa. Se administró la Batería Neuropsicológica (BANFE-2) y el Cuestionario de Sobreingesta (OQ), a 40 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 18-38 años. El porcentaje de grasa se midió con una báscula de composición corporal (RENPHO ES-24M). El modelo redes neuronales de perceptrón, se ejecutó con diez ensayos. Resultados El modelo de Red Neuronal mostró que las variables sensoriales con mayor peso sináptico para el porcentaje de grasa, fueron Errores Stroop A y B y Aciertos de BANFE-2, y Racionalizaciones de las escalas OQ y Hábitos Saludables. Conclusiones las redes neuronales artificiales demostró ser importante en el análisis simultáneo de datos neuropsicológicos y de estilo de vida saludable para el análisis de prevención y tratamiento de la obesidad, al identificar las variables que están estrechamente relacionadas. Estos hallazgos abren la puerta al uso de modelos de análisis no lineales, que permiten identificar relaciones de diferente peso, entre variables de entrada y salida, más eficientes que los modelos lineales.

"Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model": Correction.

Reports an error in "Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model" by Javier Vila, Eneida Strempler-Rubio and Angélica Alvarado (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2021[Jul], Vol 47[3], 357-363). In the original article, a repeated measure analysis of variance was calculated with incorrect numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, which resulted in incorrect F, MSE, and R² values being reported in the Results section. When calculated correctly, the significant differences found in the new analysis of variance were the same as before. The results and conclusions are unchanged. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2021-92066-011). Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves remembering the what, where, and when (WWW) of an event as a whole, and it can be studied behaviorally. In research regarding this type of memory with children, one experiment proposes a new task adapted from animal foraging studies. A task derived from a foraging model was presented its considers the characteristics required for ELM study in children and employs a single trial presented from an egocentric perspective to avoid memory consolidation. One study compared four-year-old children's choices after being trained with one or three trials using a hide-and-seek task. The consequence size and retention interval between training and test were manipulated. Results showed that children chose the optimal outcome after an immediate or delayed test. The children's choices were conditional on the size of the consequences and the time at retrieval according to the Temporal Weighting Rule (Devenport & Devenport, 1994). The results were similar to those of animal studies and were consistent with a foraging memory model. In discussion, the advantages and limitations of the proposed task for the study of ELM in children are described and explained. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Tailoring nutrition and cancer education materials for breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Many breast cancer patients are vulnerable to poor nutritional status and may benefit from nutrition education, but existing materials are not generally tailored to the needs of low-literacy immigrant and minority patients. METHODS: With nutritionist guidance, we developed a nutrition presentation for breast cancer patients. English- (n = 29) and Spanish-speaking (n = 19) patients were recruited from 5 safety-net hospitals, an academic cancer center, and a Latina cancer support organization. Materials were tested using multiple rounds of cognitive interviewing (with an adapted USDA interview guide), followed by study team reviews and modifications, until saturation. RESULTS: Seven rounds of interviews per language were needed. Approximately 25% of interviewees had less than a high school education. Changes included adapting to regional lexicons and resolving vague/confusing phrasing. Specific food examples needed cultural tailoring. Text color coding (red/bad, green/good) was requested. Labeled images enhanced participants' understanding of concepts. Spanish speakers expressed a desire to understand nutrition labeling, and this was emphasized in the Spanish slides. CONCLUSION: Cognitive interviews were an important tool for creating a nutrition curriculum tailored to the needs of low-literacy, mostly immigrant patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Cultural and linguistic factors should be considered for nutritional education materials in diverse patient populations.

Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model?

Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves remembering the what, where, and when (WWW) of an event as a whole, and it can be studied behaviorally. In research regarding this type of memory with children, one experiment proposes a new task adapted from animal foraging studies. A task derived from a foraging model was presented its considers the characteristics required for ELM study in children and employs a single trial presented from an egocentric perspective to avoid memory consolidation. One study compared four-year-old children's choices after being trained with one or three trials using a hide-and-seek task. The consequence size and retention interval between training and test were manipulated. Results showed that children chose the optimal outcome after an immediate or delayed test. The children's choices were conditional on the size of the consequences and the time at retrieval according to the Temporal Weighting Rule (Devenport & Devenport, 1994). The results were similar to those of animal studies and were consistent with a foraging memory model. In discussion, the advantages and limitations of the proposed task for the study of ELM in children are described and explained. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Asociación entre la morfología alar y el uso del hábitat en seis especies de palomas (Columbidae) neotropicales

Los factores biomecánicos, el comportamiento e historia natural de las especies pueden influenciar la forma y dimensión del ala en las aves. Por lo tanto, la morfología de las alas de cada especie podría estar adaptada al ambiente en el que habitan. En palomas (familia Columbidae) existe un gradiente de especies que tienden a volar mucho y otras que vuelan muy poco. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si la forma de las alas de seis especies de palomas se asocia con su capacidad de vuelo. Predecimos que las especies Patagioenas flavirostris y P. nigrirostris que tienden a volar largas distancias presentan alas relativamente largas y puntiagudas; mientras que Geotrygon montana que se desplaza principalmente caminando presenta alas relativamente anchas y redondeadas. Especies con capacidad de vuelo intermedio (Leptotila verreauxi, L. cassini y Zenaida asiatica) van a presentar alas con características intermedias. Estimamos la carga alar, proporción de la forma, conicidad alar, largo relativo y el área alar promedio para cada especie. Realizamos un análisis discriminante para determinar cuál combinación de variables explica mejor la diferencia morfológica de las alas entre las seis especies y probamos que tan robusto es este modelo mediante una prueba binomial. El modelo clasificó correctamente el 57 % de los individuos en su propia especie. Por lo tanto, encontramos que el tipo de desplazamiento predominante en cada una de las seis especies de Columbidae analizadas, se asocia con la morfología alar: alas adaptadas para vuelos en zonas abiertas en P. flavirostris y P. nigrirostris, alas adaptadas para vuelos muy maniobrables en hábitats densos en G. montana, y alas con características intermedias en L. verreauxi, L. cassini y Z. asiatica.

Biomechanics, behavior, and natural history influence wing dimension and shape. Wing design often correlates with features of the habitat in which each species is found. Doves and pigeons (Columbidae family) range from long-distance fliers (e.g., canopy and open area species) to very short-distance fliers (e.g., species adapted to dense understory forests) and such variation makes this group fit to test the association between flying habits and wing morphology. Our objective in this study is to determine whether the wing morphology (shape and dimensions) of six dove species is associated to their flying capability. We predict that the long-distance fliers Patagioenas flavirostris and P. nigrirostris will have long and sharp wings; while the very short-distance flier Geotrygon montana will have broad and rounded wings. Other species (e.g., Leptotila verreauxi, L. cassini and Zenaida asiatica) whose flying capability fits in between these two will have wings with intermediate morphological features. We measured the wing disc loading, shape ratio, the ratio of mean to maximum wing chord, relative wing length, and wing area for each species. We conducted a discriminant function analysis to compare which variables explain better the differences in wing morphology across the six species, and used a binomial test to evaluate the power of the model. The model correctly classified 57 % of individuals within their own species. The flying capability is associated with the wing morphology of the six Columbidae species; with a wing design for long-distance fliers in P. flavirostris and P. nigrirostris, wing design for maneuvering in dense habitats in G. montana, and wings with an intermediate design in L. verreauxi, L. cassini and Z. asiatica.

Flexibilidad de la memoria tipo episódica en niños preescolares: tiempo y consecuencia / Flexibility of episodic-like memory in preschool children: Time and consequence

Resumen: La memoria tipo episódica (MTE) implica recordar de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo de un evento y es atribuible a animales y humanos, permitiendo recordar y actualizar lo aprendido. Se realizó un experimento para estudiar la actualización y recuerdo integrado en la MTE de niños prescolares. Se compararon dos condiciones (A=B y A>B) que involucraron más de dos fases en las que varió la magnitud para una de las consecuencias. En una primera fase ambas condiciones presentaron la misma información (A+, B+ y C+), mientras que las fases subsecuentes se presentaron diferentes magnitudes de consecuencia (segunda fase: A++++ o A**** de acuerdo a la condición; tercera fase: B++++). Finalmente, la prueba ocurrió 24 h después del entrenamiento y los participantes eligieron entre el contenedor A o B. El qué fue la consecuencia; el dónde, los contenedores, y el cuándo, el orden de cada fase presentada. Los datos sugieren que tras el paso del tiempo los participantes recuerdan de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo actualizando el aprendizaje de cada experiencia. Los participantes consideraron la magnitud de la consecuencia obtenida en cada fase, mostrando así la flexibilidad del recuerdo propuesta por la MTE. Los datos son coherentes con las predicciones de la Regla de Ponderación Temporal de Devenport.

Abstract: Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves that animals can remember What, Where and When about an event and it is attributable to animals and humans, this ability permits recall and update learning. One experiment was made for study the update and integrated recall of ELM in preschoolers. We compared two conditions (A = B and A > B) that involve more than two phases with modifying of one magnitude outcome. In the first phase, both conditions had the same information, while next phases had different outcome value in two containers (A or B). Finally, a test was presented after 24 hours: participants chose between A or B container. What, was the outcome subjective value; Where, was the containers and When was the order to each phase. Data suggest that after time pass, participants remember an integrated way about What, Where and When. Even when participants update learning for each experience participants chose according to time and outcome subjective value of each phase and the information retrieval is flexible as happen with ELM. Results are consistent with predictions of Devenport's Temporal Weighting Rule.

Factores que influyen en la situación actual de la supervisión de enfermería en el Hospital María Auxiliadora 2012 / Factors that influence in the current situation of the nursing supervision at the Hospital Maria Auxiliadora 2012

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que influyen en la supervisión actual de enfermería. El método utilizado tiene un enfoque cuantitativo. Es de tipo descriptivo, de nivel aplicativo, de corte transversal por que el estudio de las variables se realizó en un determinado momento haciendo un corte en el tiempo. La población estuvo conformada por las enfermeras supervisoras y las enfermeras asistenciales que laboran en el Hospital María Auxiliadora. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó dos cuestionarios dirigido a las supervisoras de enfermería y enfermeras asistenciales respectivamente. Estos datos se cargaron electrónicamente a una computadora transformándose mediante un programa de códigos a puntajes y se obtuvo las matrices de puntaje sujeto-ítems. Los documentos fueron procesados mediante el análisis de contenido. Entre los resultados encontramos que el factor de mayor relevancia es el factor docencia con un 90 por ciento y el de menor relevancia es el factor liderazgo con un 60 por ciento; según las Supervisoras. Asimismo, según las supervisadas; el factor de mayor relevancia es el factor gestión con un 42.7 por ciento y los de menor relevancia son liderazgo y docencia en donde se encontró un 18.7 por ciento respectivamente. Concluyendo que; de los factores estudiados los que mayor relevancia tienen; según las enfermeras supervisoras del Hospital María Auxiliadora, son los de docencia, capacitación, investigación y personal social y en menor proporción el factor gestión y el factor liderazgo, mientras el personal de enfermería asistencial refieren deficiencias en el cumplimiento de todos estos factores en el momento de ser supervisadas...

The present investigation has as aim determine the factors that influence the current supervision of infirmary. The used method has a quantitative approach. It is of descriptive type, of applicative level, of transverse court by which the study of the variables was realized in a certain moment doing a cut in the time. The population was shaped by the nurses supervisors and the welfare nurses who work in the Hospital Maria Auxiliadora. For the compilation of the information one used two questionnaires directed the supervisors of infirmary and welfare nurses respectively. This information was loaded electronically on a computer transforming by means of a program of codes to puntajes and the counterfoils were obtained of puntaje subject-article. The documents were processed by means of the analysis of content. Between the results we think that the factor of major relevancy is the factor teaching with 90 per cent and that of minor relevancy is the factor leadership with 60 per cent; according to the Supervisors. Likewise, according to the supervised ones; the factor of major relevancy is the factor management with 42.7 per cent and those of minor relevancy are leadership and teaching where one found 18.7 per cent respectively. Concluding that; of the studied factors those that have major relevancy; according to the nurses supervisors of the Hospital Maria Auxiliadora, it are those of teaching, training, investigation and social personnel and in minor proportion the factor management and the factor leadership, while the personnel of welfare infirmary they recount deficiencies in the fulfillment of all these factors in the moment to be supervised...

La elección en humanos como una función del valor subjetivo y distancia temporal de las experiencias previas / Choice in humans as a function of subjective value and temporal distance of previous experiences

Choice behavior has been studied to determine how past experiences are integrated to affect elections between patches. This idea suggests an integration of subjective value and temporal distance in a dynamic average to predict choice behavior. A choice task was presented on a computer screen, which showed three options that could give or not an appetitive consequence. Participants were divided into 4 groups depending on either reward magnitude or training-test interval. Results showed: 1) preference for the most recently reinforced option (B) when test was immediate, 2) preference for the option with the highest reward magnitude (A) at 24h (spontaneous recovery) in the group A> B 24h, 3) indifference in A= B 24h groups, consistent with idea that subjective values and recency of past experiences change as time passes. These results are consistent with the predictions of Temporal Weighting Rule (TWR) and assume integration of information based on dynamic average of past experiences in human choice tasks (AU)

La conducta de elección puede estudiarse como una integración de experiencias pasadas en la elección entre varias opciones. Esta idea integra el valor subjetivo y la distancia temporal relativa de las experiencias anteriores en un promedio dinámico para predecir la conducta de elección. Se usó una tarea de elección presentada en una pantalla de ordenador en donde se mostraban tres opciones de respuesta que podían otorgar o no una consecuencia apetitiva. Los participantes se asignaron a 4 grupos que se diferenciaban en la magnitud de la recompensa o en el valor del intervalo entrenamiento-prueba. Los resultados mostraron: 1) preferencia por la opción más recientemente reforzada (B) en la prueba inmediata, 2) preferencia por la opción con mayor magnitud de recompensa (A) a las 24h (recuperación espontánea), grupo A> B 24h y 3) indiferencia en la preferencia, grupos A= B 24h, lo que sugiere que los valores subjetivos y de recencia de las experiencias pasadas cambian con el tiempo. Estos resultados son coherentes con las predicciones de la Regla de Peso Temporal (RPT) y suponen que en una tarea de elección con humanos las experiencias pasadas se integran en base a un promedio dinámico (AU)

La generalización entre contextos como función del entrenamiento en una tarea instrumental con humanos / Generalization among Contexts as a Function of Training Humans in an Instrumental Task

León, Abad y Rosas, (2010b) demostraron que la atención al contexto se pierde conforme aumenta el entrenamiento. Así, a medida que aumenta el entrenamiento se observa una mayor generalización entre contextos distintos al de entrenamiento al perderse la atención. El objetivo del presente estudio fue poner a prueba ésta idea empleando una tarea instrumental en humanos con distintos valores del contexto (color). La tarea consistió en un juego de ordenador en el que se emitían distintas respuestas bajo un programa IV2s, en presencia de distintos estímulos discriminativos. En el Experimento 1 se entrenaron dos grupos con 3 y 8 ensayos, posteriormente se realizó un ensayo de prueba en el contexto de entrenamiento (amarillo) y en un contexto diferente (rojo). Los resultados demostraron una disminución de la ejecución con el cambio de contexto. En el Experimento 2 se entrenaron dos grupos de manera similar al Experimento 1, empleando un contexto naranja. Durante la prueba se presentaron degradaciones del color del contexto de entrenamiento con valores intermedios hacia el color amarillo y rojo. Los resultados sugieren que la atención al contexto de entrenamiento está modulada diferencialmente por la cantidad de entrenamiento en la tarea.

León, Abad and Rosas (2010b) shown that as the training increased attention to the context decreased. Thus, increasing the training might produce a greater generalization between different contexts. The main goal of the present experiments was to test this idea modifying different values of the context (i. e., colors) using an instrumental task with humans. The task was a videogame in which participants performed under an IV2s schedule in presence of different discriminative stimuli to obtain reinforces. In Experiment 1 two groups were trained with 3 or 8 trials, then a test trial was conducted in the training context (i. e., yellow) or in a different context (i. e., red). Results shown that changed the context produced a loss of performance. In Experiment 2 two groups were trained with similar parameters used in Experiment 1 but using an orange context. Test was conducted with different values of the orange (i. e., training context) toward yellow and red. The pattern of the data suggests that experience with the task modulates in different ways attention to contextual cues.

Efectos del tiempo y del valor subjetivo de las experiencias en niños preescolares / Effects of Time and Experience's Subjective Value in Preschool Children

La Regla del Peso Temporal predice la integración de las experiencias pasadas dependiendo de su valor subjetivo y su distancia temporal (J. Devenport & Devenport 1998). Con el fin de estudiar esta predicción en el aprendizaje de una tarea escondite/búsqueda en niños en edad preescolar (4-5 años), se realizó un experimento con 4 grupos. La tarea para todos los participantes consistió en buscar calcomanías en tres contenedores equidistantes (contenedores A, B y C)durante los 5 ensayos de cada fase. La fase de prueba consistió pedir a los participantes que buscaran en el contenedor donde habían encontrado más calcomanías. Durante la fase 1 sólo el recipiente A contuvo calcomanías, mientras que durante la fase 2, sólo el recipiente B. Un grupo recibió la prueba después de 24h del entrenamiento (grupo A=B24h), y el otro inmediatamente después (grupo A=B0h).En los otros dos grupos se aplicó el mismo procedimiento con la diferencia de que el contenedor A almacenó más calcomanías (grupos A>B24h y A>B0h). Los resultados mostraron que los niños realizan su elección considerando el valor subjetivo y el momento (reciente o distante) de la experiencia. Finalmente se propone que la Regla del Peso Temporal puede describir la forma en la cual se realiza la integración de la información.

Temporal Weighting Rule predicts integration of past experiences depending on their subjective and temporal distance values (J. Devenport & Devenport 1998). To study this prediction in the search learning of preschool children (4-5 years old), an experiment with 4 groups was conducted. The task for all participants consisted of finding stickers in three equidistant containers (containers A, B and C). The search in the containers was random in 5 trials of every phase. Test phase consisted of asking participants to search in the container where they had found more stickers. During phase 1 only the container A stored stickers, whereas during phase 2, only the container B stored stickers. A group received the test after 24 hours of training (group A=B 24h), and the other immediately (group A=B 0h). For the other two groups same procedure was applied with the difference that container A stored more stickers (groups A>B 24h and A>B 0h). Results showed that children make their choice based on value (= or >), and moment (recent or distant) of the experiences. Finally we proposed that Temporal Weighting Rule can explain these integration of information.

La recuperación espontánea como un promedio dinámico de las experiencias anteriores el condicionamiento instrumental humano / Spontaneous Recovery as a Dynamic Average of Previous Experiences in Human Instrumental Conditioning

this study proposes a model that can explains the spontaneous recovery (SR) in humans and it was derived from studies in animal foraging. In one experiment it was showed that SR observed after extinction can be interpreted as an integration of previous learning experiences. This model suggests that during SR the organisms made a dynamic average of experiences accounting them subjective value and temporal distance, according with the temporal weighting rule (TWR). The results showed that participants that learned an instrumental task in two phases (acquisition-extinction), after a retention interval (RI) chose the experience with a greater subjective value as a function of four values of the RI (0, 0.5, 1 and 24h) showing an recency-primacy effect according to the TWR. This study analyze how the TWR can predict the development and magnitude of SR in human learnig tasks, and discusses the implications of the present results for the study of SR (AU)

Se propone un modelo que explica la recuperación espontánea (RE) en humanos a partir de estudios en forrajeo con animales. En un experimento se demostró que la RE observada después de la extinción puede ser interpretada como una integración de las experiencias anteriores de aprendizaje. Se sugiere que en la RE los organismos realizan un promedio dinámico de las experiencias, de acuerdo con la Regla de Peso Temporal (RPT). Los resul- tados obtenidos mostraron que los participantes después de aprender una tarea instrumental en dos fases (adquisición-extinción) eligieron la experiencia con un mayor valor subjetivo después de un intervalo de retención IR en función de cuatro valores del intervalo (0, 0,5, 1 y 24h), mostrando un efecto recencia-primacia de acuerdo con la RPT. Se analiza como la RPT puede predecir el desarrollo y magnitud de la RE en tareas de aprendizaje con humanos, y se discuten las repercusiones de los resultados para el estudio de la RE (AU)