Activity of the Giardia intestinalis proteasome during encystation and its connection with the expression of the cyst wall protein 1 (CWP1).

Giardia is a parasite whose life cycle is composed of two stages: replicative trophozoites, responsible for the symptoms of the disease, and infective cysts, resistant to adverse environments outside of hosts. Proteasomes are multicatalytic peptidase complexes responsible for the specific degradation of proteins in eukaryotic cells. This study assessed the proteasome activity in the trophozoite and during encystation. Strong activation of the proteasome was observed during the differentiation of trophozoites into cysts, reaching its maximum level 24 h after the stimulus. We also found that the Giardia proteasome presents unusual characteristics related to higher eukaryotic proteasomes, making it an eventual therapeutic target. Here we tested the effects on the synthesis of a cyst wall protein by chemical inactivation of the proteasome and by overexpression or partial inhibition of the deubiquitinating protein RPN11 in transfected cells. Moreover, an analysis of the intracellular localization of RPN11 (an integral part of the proteasome regulatory particle) revealed major changes associated with the differentiation of trophozoites into cysts. This evidence further supports the important role of the proteasome in Giardia encystation.

Calcium-binding proteins that are type B″ regulatory subunits of phosphatase 2A in Giardia intestinalis.

Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that colonizes the upper part of the small intestine of its mammalian hosts. The trophozoite, which is the replicative stage, has a complex cytoskeleton that allows it to move and adhere to intestinal cells. It has been proposed that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) participates in the regulation of changes to the parasite cytoskeleton during its life cycle. However, how PP2A is involved in this regulation remains unclear since its substrates and regulators have not been characterized. In this work, we report the bioinformatic and experimental analysis of two potential regulatory B″ subunits of PP2A in Giardia, both of which are calcium-binding proteins. In this work, in silico and experimental evidence of the binding of both proteins to calcium is presented; the proteins are shown to interact with the catalytic PP2A subunit in the trophozoite stage, and they exhibit different subcellular localization patterns. Because PP2A is a heterotrimer, homology analysis of the different subunits of PP2A indicates that fewer holoenzyme combinations can be formed in this parasite than in other organisms. Our results suggest that the localization of PP2A may be associated with calcium-dependent signaling through its B″ type regulatory subunits.

In silico analysis of the EF-hand proteins in the genome of Giardia intestinalis assembly A.

Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of humans and other mammals, causing a disease that can manifest itself with acute diarrhea. This parasite is an early divergent eukaryote with a compact genome and a life cycle composed of two distinct cell types: the trophozoite, the replicative form, and the cyst, the infectious form. Signal transduction pathways implicated in differentiation processes of G. intestinalis are largely unknown. Calcium, considered an essential messenger in cell signaling, has been shown to regulate a myriad of key cell processes including metabolism, motility, and exocytosis, among other important functions, through calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs). The most important and largest family of CaBPs is the EF-hand protein family. To investigate the nature of calcium signaling pathways present in this protozoan, an in silico analysis of the genome to identify genes encoding EF-hand proteins was undertaken. Twenty-eight sequences containing EF-hand domains were found; most of which have only a pair of domains, and half of the sequences were divergent or unique to Giardia. In addition, the transcription pattern for eight genes encoding EF-hand proteins was assessed during encystation. It was found that all the genes were differentially transcribed suggesting a different function in this process. The in silico results suggest that in G. intestinalis, calcium is involved in the regulation of protein phosphorylation through kinases and phosphatases.

Experimental and bioinformatic characterization of CaBP2933 an EF-Hand protein of Giardia intestinalis.

Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of humans. This parasite is a divergent eukaryote with a compact genome. The calcium ion is an essential messenger in cell signaling. Calcium's role as a messenger is mediated through calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) that decode the message. The most important family of CaBPs is the EF-Hand protein family. In this study we have explored the role of EF-Hand protein CaBP2933. We analyzed its location, confirmed its ability to bind calcium and identified some of its interacting proteins. Take together our results suggest that CaBP2933 is involved in vesicular trafficking during encystation, via an interaction with kinesin-3 motor protein.

Preliminary study of the enzyme ubiquitin carboxylterminal hydrolase 14 (UBP6) in Giardia intestinalis: structural bioinformatic analysis and transcriptional profile during encystation / Estudio preliminar de la enzima ubiquitina carboxiterminal hidrolasa 14 (UBP6) en Giardia intestinalis: análisis bioinformático de su estructura y perfil transcripcional durante la enquistación / Estudo preliminar da enzima ubiquitina carboxi-terminal hidrolasa 14 (UBP6) em Giardia intestinalis: análise bioinformática estrutural e perfil transcricional durante encistamento

This paper presents a combined approach with two aims. The first is to analyze the reported sequence of the enzyme ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14 of Giardia intestinalis (UBP6) through computational methods to find components related with its hypothetical function. The second is to determine if the protein-coding gene is expressed in G. intestinalis and, if such is the case, also determine its transcription pattern along the life cycle of the parasite. It was established that the protein belongs to the family of Cys-dependent deubiquitinases and more specifically to ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs). Moreover, the catalytic center with the complete triad as well as typical features of the USP motif were also identified. Since the computational findings suggest that the enzyme could be functional, reverse transcription coupled to PCR was used as a first approach to establish if in fact the coding gene is expressed in the parasite. Interestingly, it was found not only that the gene is expressed, but also that there is a transcription variation along the life cycle of the parasite. These two findings are the starting point for further studies since they tentatively suggest that this enzyme could be involved in the protein turnover that occurs during parasite encystation. Although preliminary, this study is the first report concerning the study of a specific deubiquitinating enzyme in the parasite G. intestinalis.

En este trabajo se presenta una estrategia combinada que buscaba, primero, analizar por métodos computacionales la secuencia de la enzima ubiquitina carboxilo-terminal hidrolasa 14 de Giardia intestinalis (UBP6) reportada para buscar componentes relacionados con su función hipotética y segundo, determinar si el gen que codifica para la proteína se expresa en G. intestinalis y si lo hace, cómo es su patrón de transcripción a lo largo del ciclo de vida del parásito. Se encontró que la proteína pertenece a la familia de deubiquitinasas dependientes de cisteína y más específicamente a las proteasas específicas para ubiquitina (USPs por ubiquitin specific proteases). También se identificaron el centro catalítico con la triada completa así como características típicas del motivo USP. Teniendo en cuenta que los resultados computacionales sugieren que la enzima puede ser funcional, se usó la técnica de transcripción reversa acoplada a PCR como un primer acercamiento para establecer si el gen codificante se expresa en el parásito. De manera interesante, se determinó no solo que el gen se expresa sino que existe una variación de su transcripción a lo largo del ciclo de vida del parásito. Estos hallazgos son el punto de partida para posteriores estudios ya que sugieren de manera preliminar que esta enzima podría estar involucrada en el recambio de proteínas que ocurre en el parásito durante el proceso de enquistación. Aunque preliminar, este estudio es el primer reporte acerca de una enzima deubiquitinadora específica en el parásito G. intestinalis.

Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem combinada com dois objetivos. A primeira é analisar a sequência informou da enzima ubiquitina carboxil-terminal hidrolase 14 de Giardia intestinalis (UBP6) através de métodos computacionais para encontrar os componentes relacionados com a sua função hipotética. A segunda é para determinar se o gene de codificação da proteína é expressa em G. intestinalis e, se for o caso, também determinar o seu padrão de transcrição ao longo do ciclo de vida do parasita. Foi estabelecido que a proteína pertence à família de deubiquitinases Cys-dependentes e mais especificamente para proteases específicas de ubiquitina (USPs por ubiquitin specific proteases). Além disso, o centro catalítico com a tríade completo, bem como as características típicas do motivo USP também foram identificados. Uma vez que os resultados computacionais sugerem que a enzima poderia ser funcional, a transcrição reversa acoplada a PCR foi utilizado como uma primeira abordagem para determinar se, de facto, o gene codificante é expressa no parasita. Curiosamente, verificou-se não só que o gene é expresso, mas também que há uma variação de transcrição ao longo do ciclo de vida do parasita. Estes dois elementos são o ponto de partida para estudos posteriores, uma vez que tentativas sugerem que esta enzima pode estar envolvida no refill de proteínas que ocorre durante o parasita encistamento. Embora preliminares, este estudo é o primeiro relatório relativo ao estudo de uma enzima deubiquitinadora específica no parasita intestinalis.

Calmodulin expression during Giardia intestinalis differentiation and identification of calmodulin-binding proteins during the trophozoite stage.

Calmodulin (CaM) is the primary sensor for calcium in the cell. It modulates various functions by activating CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs). This study examined the calcium/CaM-dependent system in the ancient eukaryote Giardia intestinalis. A specific antibody against the parasite's CaM was developed; this protein's expression and location during different stages of the parasite's life cycle were analyzed. The results showed that it is a housekeeping protein which is possibly involved in the parasite's motility. No CaMBP has been identified in G. intestinalis to date. Pull-down assays were used for isolating proteins which specifically bind to CaM in a calcium-dependent way. Three of them were identified through mass spectrometry; they were GASP180, α-tubulin, and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK).The first two are cytoskeleton proteins, and the last one is an essential enzyme for glycolysis. The presence of binding sites was analyzed through bioinformatics in each protein sequence. This is the first report of a CaMBP in this organism; it is considered to be a very interesting differentiation model, indicating that CaM is involved at least in two vital processes: G. intestinalis motility and energetic metabolism.

Analysis of phosphorylated proteins and inhibition of kinase activity during Giardia intestinalis excystation.

The parasite Giardia intestinalis undergoes a differentiation process that allows it to infect its mammal host. That process is excystation. We examined the importance of protein phosphorylation during the passage from cyst to trophozoite. Cysts obtained from patients with giardiasis were excysted in vitro and the soluble cytoplasmic proteins were analyzed during the three phases of the process, using a specific staining for phosphoproteins. We found two phosphorylated proteins and identified them with MALDI-TOF as 14-3-3 and Hsp70. Modifications were detected in both proteins, which could indicate a role in differentiation of the parasite. In addition, the inhibition of serine-threonine kinases during excystation specifically affected the cytokinesis of the excyzoite, thus inhibiting the completion of trophozoite formation.

Transcription of meiotic-like-pathway genes in Giardia intestinalis.

The reproductive mechanism of Giardia intestinalis, considered one of the earliest divergent eukaryotes, has not been fully defined yet. Some evidence supports the hypothesis that Giardia is an exclusively asexual organism with a clonal population structure. However, the high genetic variability, the variation in ploidy during its life cycle, the low heterozygosity and the existence of genes involved in the meiotic-like recombination pathway in the parasite's genome cast doubt on exclusively asexual nature of Giardia. In this work, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to assess the transcription pattern of three meiosis-like-specific genes involved in homologues recombination: dmc1, hop1 and spo11. The mRNAs were amplified during the parasite's differentiation processes, encystation and excystation, and expression was found at each stage of its life cycle. A semiquantitative assessment also suggests that expression of some of the genes is regulated during encystation process.

Transcription of meiotic-like-pathway genes in Giardia intestinalis

The reproductive mechanism of Giardia intestinalis, considered one of the earliest divergent eukaryotes, has not been fully defined yet. Some evidence supports the hypothesis that Giardia is an exclusively asexual organism with a clonal population structure. However, the high genetic variability, the variation in ploidy during its life cycle, the low heterozygosity and the existence of genes involved in the meiotic-like recombination pathway in the parasite's genome cast doubt on exclusively asexual nature of Giardia. In this work, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to assess the transcription pattern of three meiosis-like-specific genes involved in homologues recombination: dmc1, hop1 and spo11. The mRNAs were amplified during the parasite's differentiation processes, encystation and excystation, and expression was found at each stage of its life cycle. A semiquantitative assessment also suggests that expression of some of the genes is regulated during encystation process.

Ubicación de la secuencia repetitiva PFCOL692 en fragmentos genómicos de Plasmodium falciparum / Location of the repetitive sequence PFCOL692 in genomic fragmens of Plasmodium faciparum

Las secuencias repetitivas son componentes estructurales de los genomas eucariotes. Se desconoce la función de la mayoría de ellas, pero, al parecer, no son simplemente ADN egoísta sino que intervienen en procesos de recombinación y regulación génica. En este estudio se estableció la localización subtelomérica de la secuencia repetitiva PFCOL692 en los cromosomas de Plasmodium falciparum, a través de la caracterización de cuatro clones de la genoteca lambda EMBL4/PFCOL692, que contenían insertos entre 15 y 23Kb de ADN genómico del parásito; esta caracterización se hizo mediante análisis de restricción y la posible ubicación de PFCOL692 en el genoma se exploró utilizando sondas específicas para las regiones teloméricas (pTB4.1) y subtelomérica (pRep20) de los cromosomas de P. falciparum. El análisis de los mapas de restricción obtenidos permitió plantear una posible ubicación de PFCOL692 en el extremo de los cromosomas del parásito, donde las copias de esta secuencia se encuentran agrupadas en un segmento del subtelómero y con una posición conservada con respecto a la secuencia pRep20. Se sugiere, además, que PFCOL692 no se encuentra en el límite entre el subtelómero y el telómero