Immune response and protective efficacy of intramuscular and intradermal vaccination with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) modified live vaccine against highly pathogenic PRRSV-2 (HP-PRRSV-2) challenge, either alone or in combination with of PRRSV-1.

The study was conducted to evaluate the immune response of pigs vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) or intradermally (ID) with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) modified live vaccine (MLV). The protective efficacy was evaluated upon challenge with highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV-2, either alone or in combination with PRRSV-1. Forty-two, castrated male, PRRSV-free pigs were randomly allocated into 7 groups of 6 pig each. IM/HPPRRSV2, IM/CoChallenge, ID/HPPRRSV2 and ID/CoChallenge groups were vaccinated IM or ID with PRRSV-1 MLV (UNISTRAIN® PRRS, Laboratorios Hipra S.A., Amer, Spain) in accordance to the manufacturer's directions. NV/HPPRRSV2 and NoVac/CoChallenge groups were nonvaccinated/challenged controls. NoVac/NoChallenge group was left as the control. Antibody response, IFN-γ-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) and IL-10 production were evaluated following vaccination. At 35 days post vaccination (DPV), all challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with HP-PRRSV-2, either alone or in combination with PRRSV-1. PRRSV viremia and lung lesion scores were evaluated following challenge. The results demonstrated that ID vaccinated pigs had significantly lower IL-10 levels and higher IFN-γ-SC than that of IM vaccinated pigs. Following challenge with HP-PRRSV-2 either alone or with PRRSV-1, PRRSV viremia and lung lesions, both macroscopically and microscopically, were significantly reduced in vaccinated pigs than that of nonvaccinated pigs, regardless to the route of vaccine administration. ID vaccinated pigs had significantly lower levels of PRRSV viremia and lung lesion scores than that of IM vaccinated pigs. The results of the study suggested that the administration of PRRSV-1 MLV, either IM or ID, provided partial protection against HP-PRRSV-2, either alone or when cochallenged with PRRSV-1, as demonstrated by the reduction in lung lesions and viremia. The ID route might represent an alternative to improve vaccine efficacy, as it resulted in lower IL-10 levels and higher IFN-γ-SC levels.

Cuidado informal al adulto mayor encamado en un área de salud / Informal care for the elderly confined to bed in a healthcare area

RESUMEN Introducción: el cuidado informal a una persona dependiente supone con frecuencia notable fuente de estrés que afecta la vida del cuidador informal. Objetivo: diagnosticar el estado actual del cuidado informal al adulto mayor encamado en el área de salud del Policlínico Manuel Piti Fajardo de Guane en Pinar del Río, durante el período de julio 2015 a octubre 2016. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, constituido por una población de 79 cuidadores informales de adultos mayores encamados y una muestra de 35 de estos, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, utilizando en el análisis métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos (estadística descriptiva). Resultados: se identificaron tendencias actuales en el desarrollo del objeto, se realizó el diagnóstico del estado inicial, determinando regularidades que posibilitan la transformación de sus insuficiencias Conclusiones: los resultados indican que existe la necesidad de actuaciones multidisciplinarias encaminadas a perfeccionar el proceso de cuidado informal, diseñando y generando intervenciones que articulen la actividad del cuidador, la familia, el grupo básico de trabajo y la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the informal care of a dependent person often supposes a significant source of stress affecting the life of informal caregivers. Objective: to diagnose the present-day status of informal care of old people confined to bed in the health area of Manuel Piti Fajardo Polyclinic, Guane municipality in Pinar del Río province from July 2015 to October 2016. Methods: observational, descriptive and cross sectional study was conducted, the target group was constituted by 79 informal caregivers of old patients confined to bed and the sample included 35 of them who met the inclusion criteria, using theoretical, empirical and statistical (descriptive statistics) methods in the analysis. Results: the present-day trends in the development of this subject matter were identified, along with the diagnosis of the initial status, determining the regularities that make possible the transformation of its insufficiencies. Conclusions: the results indicate that there is a need for multidisciplinary actions aimed at improving the informal care process, designing and generating interventions that articulate the activity of caregivers, family, basic working team and the community.

Prevalence of functional GI disorders among pediatric patients with persistent asthma.

OBJECTIVE: Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGIDs), such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain and dyspepsia, are common causes of chronic GI symptoms in children. Prior studies found high comorbidity of FGID and asthma. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and comorbidities of FGID among pediatric patients with asthma at a university-affiliated urban community hospital. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional study assessed FGID prevalence, asthma control and symptoms of anxiety among pediatric patients with persistent asthma. The pediatric ROME III questionnaire was used to assess FGID. The Asthma Control Test assessed asthma control. The Beck Anxiety Inventory assessed symptoms of anxiety. RESULTS: Of the 110 enrolled patients, 18 (16.4%) met the diagnostic criteria for FGID, of which 10 were consistent with the diagnosis of functional abdominal pain disorder. Patients with FGID had a significantly lower mean asthma control score than patients without FGID (11.5 ± 4.9 vs 14.8 ± 5.3, P = 0.03; Cohen's d = 0.6) and higher mean anxiety scores than those without FGID (P < 0.01). Asthma control predicted the presence of FGID (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80-0.99, P = 0.03). However, after adjusted for anxiety, asthma control no longer predicted FGID presence (adjusted OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-1.05, P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a high prevalence of FGID among patients with persistent asthma. Moreover, patients with FGID had poor asthma control and increased anxiety. Clinicians should consider FGID in patients with poor asthma control and assess them for anxiety.

Impact of Fetuin-A (AHSG) on Tumor Progression and Type 2 Diabetes.

Fetuin-A is the protein product of the AHSG gene in humans. It is mainly synthesized by the liver in adult humans and is secreted into the blood where its concentration can vary from a low of ~0.2 mg/mL to a high of ~0.8 mg/mL. Presently, it is considered to be a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in diabetes, kidney disease, and cancer, as well as in inhibition of ectopic calcification. In this review we have focused on work that has been done regarding its potential role(s) in tumor progression and sequelae of diabetes. Recently a number of laboratories have demonstrated that a subset of tumor cells such as pancreatic, prostate and glioblastoma multiform synthesize ectopic fetuin-A, which drives their progression. Fetuin-A that is synthesized, modified, and secreted by tumor cells may be more relevant in understanding the pathophysiological role of this enigmatic protein in tumors, as opposed to the relatively high serum concentrations of the liver derived protein. Lastly, auto-antibodies to fetuin-A frequently appear in the sera of tumor patients that could be useful as biomarkers for early diagnosis. In diabetes, solid experimental evidence shows that fetuin-A binds the ß-subunit of the insulin receptor to attenuate insulin signaling, thereby contributing to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fetuin-A also may, together with free fatty acids, induce apoptotic signals in the beta islets cells of the pancreas, reducing the secretion of insulin and further exacerbating T2DM.

Propuestas de acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer en la carrera de Medicina / Approach proposals to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering in the medicine career

Introducción: A pesar del tiempo transcurrido, el paradigma biologicista de atención médica no ha sido sustituido por el paradigma biopsicosocial. En el programa de la carrera no hay definición clara de los términos para que los estudiantes de Medicina en su tercer año, durante la estancia en salas de Medicina Interna se acerquen al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer. Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta argumentada de acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer por estudiantes de Medicina durante su estancia en salas de Medicina Interna. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura seleccionada, obtenida mediante el motor de búsqueda Google Académico y la base de datos Scielo de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Resultados: El Índice de Barthel permite suficiente acercamiento al diagnóstico de la discapacidad como concepto asociado a la afectación. La respuesta emocional del paciente puede definirse como adaptativa adecuada conveniente o como inadaptativa inadecuada inconveniente para la solución de su problema de salud. Conclusiones: Se proponen términos concretos para el acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer para el estudiante de Medicina(AU)

Introduction: In spite of the elapsed time the biologistic paradigm of medical attention has not been substituted by the bio psychosocial. In the careers program, there is no obvious definition of terms in order that the third year medicine students, during their stay in the Internal Medicine wards, approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering.Objective: Elaborate an argued proposal of approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering for students of medicine during his stay in Internal Medicine wards. Material and Methods: Was performed a narrative revision of the selected literature obtained by means of the computer search engine google academic and SciELO data base of the Healths Virtual Library. Results: Barthel's index enables an enough approach to the diagnosis of the disability as a correlated concept with affectation. The patient's emotional reaction can be defined as adequate adaptive -convenient or inadequate inconvenient and maladaptive for the solution of his problem of health.Conclusions: The authors propose specific terms for the approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering for the student of medicine(AU)

Propuestas de acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer en la carrera de Medicina / Approach proposals to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering in the medicine career

Introducción: A pesar del tiempo transcurrido, el paradigma biologicista de atención médica no ha sido sustituido por el paradigma biopsicosocial. En el programa de la carrera no hay definición clara de los términos para que los estudiantes de Medicina en su tercer año, durante la estancia en salas de Medicina Interna se acerquen al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer. Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta argumentada de acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer por estudiantes de Medicina durante su estancia en salas de Medicina Interna. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura seleccionada, obtenida mediante el motor de búsqueda Google Académico y la base de datos Scielo de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Resultados: El Índice de Barthel permite suficiente acercamiento al diagnóstico de la discapacidad como concepto asociado a la afectación. La respuesta emocional del paciente puede definirse como adaptativa ­ adecuada ­ conveniente o como inadaptativa ­ inadecuada ­ inconveniente para la solución de su problema de salud. Conclusiones: Se proponen términos concretos para el acercamiento al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer para el estudiante de Medicina(AU)

Introduction: In spite of the elapsed time the biologistic paradigm of medical attention has not been substituted by the bio psychosocial. In the career's program, there is no obvious definition of terms in order that the third year medicine students, during their stay in the Internal Medicine wards, approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering. Objective: Elaborate an argued proposal of approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering for students of medicine during his stay in Internal Medicine wards. Material and Methods: Was performed a narrative revision of the selected literature obtained by means of the computer search engine google academic and SciELO data base of the Health's Virtual Library. Results: Barthel's index enables an enough approach to the diagnosis of the disability as a correlated concept with affectation. The patient's emotional reaction can be defined as adequate ­ adaptive -convenient or inadequate ­ inconvenient and maladaptive for the solution of his problem of health. Conclusions: The authors propose specific terms for the approach to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering for the student of medicine(AU)

Las historias psicosociales y el diagnóstico médico / Psychosocial history and medical diagnosis

Introducción: a pesar del tiempo transcurrido el paradigma biologicista de atención médica no ha sido sustituido por el paradigma biopsicosocial. En las historias clínicas que se confeccionan en salas de hospitalización se incluye una historia psicosocial que todavía no satisface el diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer del paciente. Objetivo: evaluar la contribución de las historias psicosociales al diagnóstico de la afectación y el padecer de pacientes hospitalizados. Material y Métodos: se revisaron historias psicosociales, comentarios médicos y discusiones diagnósticas de 83 historias clínicas de diferentes salas de hospitalización. Se analizó el abordaje de la afectación y el padecer en las mismas. Resultados: los estudiantes de Medicina solo realizan la mitad de las historias psicosociales de salas de Medicina Interna y ninguna en el resto de las salas en estudio. La información sobre la afectación y el padecer de los pacientes es insuficiente en las historias clínicas del área quirúrgica. Conclusiones: la confección de historias psicosociales por los estudiantes de Medicina ocurre en el tercer y sexto años de la Carrera y en exámenes finales de las asignaturas Propedéutica, Medicina Interna y Psiquiatría. La contribución al diagnóstico de la afectación por la enfermedad y su padecer es muy escaso tanto en el texto de las pocas historias psicosociales que realizan los estudiantes como en el resto de las historias clínicas(AU)

Introduction: in spite of the elapsed time the biologicist paradigm of medical attention has not been substituted by the biopsychosocial paradigm. Psychosocial stories in the clinical records manufactured on ward in hospitals not yet fulfill the diagnosis of the affectation and suffering of the patient. Objective: evaluating the contribution of the psychosocial stories to the diagnosis of affectation and suffering of hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: psychosocial stories, medical comments and diagnostic arguments of 83 clinical records of different wards of hospitalization were analyzed. The boarding of affectation and suffering was examined in the same. Results: the students of medicine accomplish only half of the psychosocial stories of internal medicine wards and no one in the rest of wards under consideration. The information on affectation and suffering is insufficient in the clinical records of surgical wards. Conclusions: the confection of psychosocial stories by students of medicine happens in the third and sixth year of the career and in finals examination of the subjects of study Propedeutic, Internal Medicine and Psychiatry. The contribution to the diagnosis of the affectation for the disease and of suffering is very scarce in the text of the few psychosocial stories that the students make up as in the rest of the clinical records(AU)

Synchronization across sensory cortical areas by electrical microstimulation is sufficient for behavioral discrimination.

The temporal correlation hypothesis proposes that cortical neurons engage in synchronized activity, thus configuring a general mechanism to account for a range of cognitive processes from perceptual binding to consciousness. However, most studies supporting this hypothesis have only provided correlational, but not causal evidence. Here, we used electrical microstimulation of the visual and somatosensory cortices of the rat in both hemispheres, to test whether rats could discriminate synchronous versus asynchronous patterns of stimulation applied to the same cortical sites. To disambiguate synchrony from other related parameters, our experiments independently manipulated the rate and intensity of stimulation, the spatial locations of stimulation, the exact temporal sequence of stimulation patterns, and the degree of synchrony across stimulation sites. We found that rats reliably distinguished between 2 microstimulation patterns, differing in the spatial arrangement of cortical sites stimulated synchronously. Also, their performance was proportional to the level of synchrony in the microstimulation patterns. We demonstrated that rats can recognize artificial current patterns containing precise synchronization features, thus providing the first direct evidence that artificial synchronous activity can guide behavior. Such precise temporal information can be used as feedback signals in machine interface arrangements.

Phenotypic characterization of the population of creole wool ewes in the highlands of Puebla State, Mexico.

This study characterized the population of wool ewes in the highlands of the State of Puebla, Mexico, considering traits such as fleece color, weight, and body measurements. In this region, dominated by a temperate climate, sheep are a traditional animal species for farming systems. To carry out the work, 2,082 ewes were randomly selected from 14 communities and 124 flocks belonging to the six municipalities that have the largest inventory of sheep in the state. For each ewe, live weight, breed, fleece color pattern, and 18 other body measurements were recorded. Descriptive statistics were estimated for weight and body traits and the morphotype was classified by multivariate analysis. Factor analysis identified the bulk, size, and breed standard as the attributes that best describe the population of ewes. These elements varied in importance among the groups (p < 0.05). Cluster analysis helped to classify the population into small black-faced ewes (28.5 %), small white ewes (11.9 %), black-faced medium-sized ewes (24.1 %), large ewes (12.3 %), and white medium-sized ewes (23.2 %). The groups identified were similar to creole sheep present in rural communities in other environments, but have lower morphostructural values than specialized breeds.

Chilean school-age children twin registry: planning, sampling and implications.

We describe subject recruitment from the University of Chile School-Age Children Twin Registry (REMEUCHI). The research aim of REMEUCHI is to quantify the impact of genetic and environmental factors on scholastic achievement in a multicausal approach. The Ministry of Education of Chile, in collaboration with the Registry Office, provided the list of possible twin pairs graduated from high school in 2004 in Chile's metropolitan region. From a population of 70,065 school-age children who had graduated from high school, 434 possible twin pairs were analyzed. Of these, 327 were twins reared together (75.3% of the 434 possible twins pairs) and born between 1986 and 1987 in Chile (mean age 18 years), and approximately 8% were not twins despite matches on full name and birth data. The rest of the possible twin pairs were probably twins reared apart, since one member of the pair had moved to study in another region of Chile. Zygosity was determined through questionnaires, maternal reports of twin similarities, and by the hospital records of the twins at the time of birth. Three hundred and twenty-seven pairs were identified, where monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins represented 46.8% and 53.2% of pairs, respectively, with a DZ/MZ ratio of 1.14. Considering same-sex MZ pairs, the percentage of female pairs was greater (55.6%) than male pairs (44.4%). When DZ pairs were analyzed, 47.7% were of opposite sex, 20.1% were male pairs and 32.2% female pairs. In Chile, these findings represent a baseline study to contribute to the establishment of a national twin registry in the future.

Mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares en mayores de 15 años / Mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in persons over 15

Resumen: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo en el área del Policlínico Docente "Manuel Pity Fajardo" del municipio Guane que alcanzó el período de 1987-1996 sobre la mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Se obtuvieron los datos del registro de defunciones del Departamento Provincial de Estadística, utilizando el promedio móvil, la diferencia relativa y el riesgo relativo. Encontramos una mortalidad por dichas dolencias de 56,0 x 100,000 habitantes con una tendencia decreciente. Constituyen las principales causas de defunción la hemorragia intracerebral y la trombosis cerebral. La mayoría de las defunciones ocurrieron a partir de los 65 años por hemorragia intracerebral y después de los 75 años para los eventos isquémicos; con una probabilidad mayor a morir en el sexo femenino por cuadros hemorrágicos y en el sexo masculino por los isquémicos. En ambos grupos predominó la procedencia urbana(AU)

Mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares en mayores de 15 años / Mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in persons over 15

Resumen: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo en el área del Policlínico Docente "Manuel Pity Fajardo" del municipio Guane que alcanzó el período de 1987-1996 sobre la mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Se obtuvieron los datos del registro de defunciones del Departamento Provincial de Estadística, utilizando el promedio móvil, la diferencia relativa y el riesgo relativo. Encontramos una mortalidad por dichas dolencias de 56,0 x 100,000 habitantes con una tendencia decreciente. Constituyen las principales causas de defunción la hemorragia intracerebral y la trombosis cerebral. La mayoría de las defunciones ocurrieron a partir de los 65 años por hemorragia intracerebral y después de los 75 años para los eventos isquémicos; con una probabilidad mayor a morir en el sexo femenino por cuadros hemorrágicos y en el sexo masculino por los isquémicos. En ambos grupos predominó la procedencia urbana