Impact of the Spanish smoke-free laws on cigarette sales by brands, 2000-2021: Evidence from a club convergence approach.

INTRODUCTION: In January 2006, the Spanish government enacted a tobacco control law that banned the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco. In January 2011, further legislation on this matter was adopted to provide a more restrictive specification of the ban. In this study, we analyze the effect produced on cigarette sales by these two prohibitions. We address this problem using a cluster time-series analysis to test whether the sales of cigarettes by brands have been homogenized with the prohibition of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. METHODS: The data source used was the official data on legal sales of cigarettes by brands in Spain, from January 2005 to December 2021 (excluding the Canary Islands and the Autonomous Communities of the cities of Ceuta and Melilla). To achieve our objective, we used log(t) test statistics to check if there is global convergence in the three selected periods according to the regulatory changes that have occurred in Spain (2005-2021, 2005-2010 and 2011-2021). Second, once absolute convergence is rejected, we applied a clustering algorithm to test for the existence of subgroup convergence. RESULTS: The cigarette brands that have been marketed during the period 2005-2021 (n=40), can only be grouped into three groups according to the behavior of their sales. When we focus on the period 2005-2010 (n=74), cigarette brands are grouped into five groups according to their sales behavior. Finally, the cigarette brands marketed during the period 2011-2021 (n=67) are grouped into three groups according to the temporal evolution of their sales. These results suggest a greater homogenization of cigarette sales after the application of the law of January 2011. CONCLUSIONS: Act 42/2010 (total ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship actions) was associated with greater homogenization of cigarette sales than the application of Act 28/2005 (partial ban). This finding supports what is established in the previous literature that indicates that Act 42/2010 provided a more restrictive specification of the ban than Act 28/2005.

Mental health, suicide attempt, and family function for adolescents' primary health care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The study's purpose was to identify associations between mental health risk, suicide attempts, and family function.   Methods: A correlational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in a group of adolescents in the last grade of secondary school to establish the association between mental health risk, suicide attempt, and family functionality. The instruments used were the self-report questionnaire, the suicide risk assessment scale, and the family APGAR. Data analysis was performed using the artificial intelligence algorithm (gower clustering).  Results: 246 adolescents responded to the three instruments, which made it possible to select those with correlations of sensitive interest and, based on these, an intervention plan. Psychological distress was found in 28%, psychotic symptoms in 85%, and problematic alcohol use in 9%. Good family functioning was identified in 34% and some type of family dysfunction in 66%. In terms of suicide risk, there was a low suicide risk of 74%, 24% medium risk, and 2% high risk. It could be shown that there is a correlation in a group of 15% of the respondents.  Conclusions: The risk of suffering mental health deterioration and the suicide risk, during this pandemic period, seems to be related to family functionality.

Curcumin Sensitizes 4T1 Murine Breast Cancer Cells to Cisplatin Through PAR4 Secretion.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR4), a tumour-suppressor protein, selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Its soluble form is induced by secretagogues (e.g., chloroquine), and it induces apoptosis by interacting with the receptor of glucose-regulated protein 78, which is overexpressed in cancer cells. In this study, curcumin was analyzed as an inducer of PAR4 expression in 4T1 murine breast cancer cell. and its ability to induce PAR4 secretion in Balb/c mice. In addition, the cisplatin sensitizing effect of soluble PAR4 was analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 4T1 cell line was treated in vitro using different concentrations of curcumin; cell viability was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and PAR4 expression by western blotting. The expression of soluble PAR4 in the serum of mice treated with intraperitoneal curcumin was analyzed using the dot-blot method. Moreover, MTT assay was used to analyze the effects of serum from curcumin-treated mice on cell viability. Tumor size was analyzed in mice treated with curcumin alone and in combination with cisplatin. RESULTS: Curcumin showed a dose- and time-dependent effects on cell viability on 4T1 cells, as well as increasing PAR4 expression. Compared with the control group (phosphate-buffered saline), mice treated with curcumin showed an increase in plasma PAR4. In the Balb/C tumor model, mice treated with curcumin and cisplatin showed greater tumor shrinkage than the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that curcumin induces expression of soluble PAR4 and sensitizes tumor cells to cisplatin.

La relación entre el gradiente socioeconómico y el consumo de cigarrillos en España / The relationship between the socio-economic gradient and cigarette consumption in Spain

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre las características socioeconómicas individuales y el consumo de cigarrillos en España. La muestra estaba formada por 19.931 individuos de 15 o más años de edad de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España (EESE) de 2014. Variables: prevalencia y nivel de consumo. Se realizó análisis de regresión multivariante logística ordinal con las variables socioeconómicas clase social, nivel educativo, actividad principal, situación económica y sector de actividad (solo para población trabajadora). Otras variables de control incluidas fueron las características sociodemográficas y los hábitos de vida saludables (ejercicio físico, alimentación y consumo de alcohol). Los factores que se relacionan con mayor prevalencia en el consumo de cigarrillos son: inferior clase social, no tener estudios universitarios, ser desempleado, tener peor situación económica y trabajar en hostelería. Por su parte, las variables relacionadas con el nivel de consumo de la población fumadora son: inferior clase social, no tener estudios universitarios, y no ser estudiante ni trabajador indefinido. En cuanto a las variables de control, aquellos regresores asociados a mayor prevalencia y nivel de consumo son: sexo masculino, edad entre 36 y 65 años, ser divorciado, menor número de niños en el hogar y peores hábitos de vida.(AU)

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between individual socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette consumption in Spain. The sample consisted of 19,931 individuals aged 15 or older who completed the European Health Interview Survey for Spain (EHSS-2014). Variables: prevalence and intensity of cigarette consumption. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis was performed with the following socioeconomic variables: social classes, educational attainment, main activity, economic situation and, for the working population, the activity sector. Other control variables were sociodemographic variables and healthy lifestyle habits (physical exercise, diet and alcohol consumption). The factors that relate to greater prevalence are: lower social class, not having university studies, being unemployed, having worse economic situation and working in hospitality industry. On the other hand, the variables related to higher intensity of cigarette consumption of the smoking population are: lower social class, not having university studies, and being neither a student nor on a permanent contract. Regarding control variables, those regressors associated with a higher prevalence and intensity of cigarette consumption are: being male, being aged between 36 and 65, being divorced, having fewer children at home and having worse lifestyle habits.(AU)

The relationship between the socio-economic gradient and cigarette consumption in Spain. / La relación entre el gradiente socioeconómico y el consumo de cigarrillos en España.

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between individual socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette consumption in Spain. The sample consisted of 19,931 individuals aged 15 or older who completed the European Health Interview Survey for Spain (EHSS-2014). Variables: prevalence and intensity of cigarette consumption. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis was performed with the following socioeconomic variables: social classes, educational attainment, main activity, economic situation and, for the working population, the activity sector. Other control variables were sociodemographic variables and healthy lifestyle habits (physical exercise, diet and alcohol consumption). The factors that relate to greater prevalence are: lower social class, not having university studies, being unemployed, having worse economic situation and working in hospitality industry. On the other hand, the variables related to higher intensity of cigarette consumption of the smoking population are: lower social class, not having university studies, and being neither a student nor on a permanent contract. Regarding control variables, those regressors associated with a higher prevalence and intensity of cigarette consumption are: being male, being aged between 36 and 65, being divorced, having fewer children at home and having worse lifestyle habits.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre las características socioeconómicas individuales y el consumo de cigarrillos en España. La muestra estaba formada por 19.931 individuos de 15 o más años de edad de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España (EESE) de 2014. Variables: prevalencia y nivel de consumo. Se realizó análisis de regresión multivariante logística ordinal con las variables socioeconómicas clase social, nivel educativo, actividad principal, situación económica y sector de actividad (solo para población trabajadora). Otras variables de control incluidas fueron las características sociodemográficas y los hábitos de vida saludables (ejercicio físico, alimentación y consumo de alcohol). Los factores que se relacionan con mayor prevalencia en el consumo de cigarrillos son: inferior clase social, no tener estudios universitarios, ser desempleado, tener peor situación económica y trabajar en hostelería. Por su parte, las variables relacionadas con el nivel de consumo de la población fumadora son: inferior clase social, no tener estudios universitarios, y no ser estudiante ni trabajador indefinido. En cuanto a las variables de control, aquellos regresores asociados a mayor prevalencia y nivel de consumo son: sexo masculino, edad entre 36 y 65 años, ser divorciado, menor número de niños en el hogar y peores hábitos de vida.

The Inflammatory Process Modulates the Expression and Localization of WT1 in Podocytes Leading to Kidney Damage.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is involved in the development of the urogenital system and is expressed in podocytes throughout life. Inflammation of renal glomeruli causes renal damage-induced nephrotic syndrome and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome have mutations in the WT1 gene. The aim of this work was to determine if the inflammatory process modulates the expression and localization of WT1 in podocytes that cause kidney damage using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice as a sepsis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In investigation of renal damage, proteinuria and histology were analyzed. WT1 modulation was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays, and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: WT1 expression decreased most at 24 and 36 h after the induction of inflammation and phosphorylated WT1 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm, reduced nephrin mRNA expression and increased mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1ß. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the immune system plays an important role in the modulation of WT1, leading to kidney damage.

Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Overlap of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors in Primary School Students.

Digital life forms part of daily reality for young people. For this reason, traditional bullying in school has been reproduced in the online environment, resulting in an overlap of off- and online bullying. Research on socio-emotional competencies and bullying is revealing interesting results among students in secondary schools. However, studies involving primary school students are much scarcer. In addition, the majority of studies have been carried out based on an understanding of socio-emotional competencies as a unidimensional construct. In the present study, we examined the overlap between off- and online bullying victimization and the influence of the factors comprising socio-emotional competencies on this overlap. Participants comprised 1130 students (49.7% were boys and 50.3% were girls) from the fifth and sixth grades at 15 schools in the autonomous communities of Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). The results indicate a high rate of overlap between off- and online bullying victimization, without significant gender differences. Poor relationship skills in boys and low self-management in girls were associated with being a victim of both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The conclusions point to an interesting line of intervention and prevention, establishing a framework of confluence for social and emotional variables within the primary education context.

[The influence of cigarette price on the cigarette consumption in Spain: a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index analysis from 1957 to 2018.] / Influencia del precio de los cigarrillos en España: Un análisis de descomposición Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index desde 1957 hasta 2018.

OBJECTIVE: The price elasticity of tobacco emerges as an instrument for minimizing tobacco consumption, sustained by the idea that although tobacco has an addictive nature, an increase in its price causes a decrease in its consumption. However, the price is not the only component of tobacco consumption studied in the literature. Some studies include income as an explanatory component of tobacco consumption. These studies conclude that income affects tobacco consumption positively. METHODS: In this paper, the factors that affect the consumption of cigarettes are measured for the Spanish market using time series data from 1957 to 2018 and by applying the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index LMDI method. The novel application of this method to this body of literature allows us to verify how effective the price policies that the government has implemented against the consumption of cigarettes have been. RESULTS: Our results reveal that income is a determining factor that sometimes nullifies the effect of policies when governments increase the price of cigarettes by taxes. In order to reduce the prevalence of smokers, the increase in the price of tobacco must consider the effect of income on consumption, so that it does not cancel the effects of health policy. CONCLUSIONS: It is strongly recommended that tax authorities consider these results before applying anti-smoking policies. If the authorities do not do so, it is possible that they will not obtain the expected results in terms of minimized the cigarette consumption.

OBJETIVO: La elasticidad precio de los productos de tabaco es un instrumento para minimizar su consumo. Esta idea se basa en que, aunque el tabaco tiene una naturaleza adictiva, un aumento en su precio provoca una disminución en su consumo. Sin embargo, el precio no es el único componente del consumo de tabaco estudiado en la literatura. Algunos estudios incluyen la renta como un componente explicativo del consumo de tabaco. Estos estudios concluyen que la renta de las personas afecta positivamente el consumo de tabaco. METODOS: En este artículo, se analizaron los factores que afectan al consumo de cigarrillos usando series temporales desde 1957 hasta 2018 y aplicando el método de descomposición LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index). La novedosa aplicación de este método al citado conjunto de datos permitió verificar cómo de efectivas han sido las políticas de precios que el gobierno ha implementado para disminuir el consumo de cigarrillos. RESULTADOS: Los resultados sugieren que la renta de las personas es un factor determinante que a veces anula el efecto de las políticas cuando los gobiernos aumentan el precio de los cigarrillos vía impuestos. Para reducir la prevalencia de fumadores, el aumento en el precio del tabaco debe considerar también el efecto de la renta de las personas en el consumo, puesto que éstos a veces anulan los efectos de políticas sanitarias consistentes en aumentar el precio de los cigarrillos. CONCLUSIONES: Los gobiernos deben tener en cuenta que la renta de las personas es un factor clave cuando se aplican políticas de precio frente al tabaquismo.

The Price Elasticity of Cigarettes: New Evidence From Spanish Regions, 2002-2016.

INTRODUCTION: There is an agreement in the literature that tobacco price elasticity is around -0.4 for given location. Furthermore, works only focus separately, on the temporal dimension or the spatial dimension, however, there are studies that show the existence of spillovers between different geographical areas due to the spatial dependence in tobacco consumption. The novelty of this study is the measurement of the effect that neighboring regions have on the price elasticity of cigarettes. AIMS AND METHODS: This study simultaneously analyzed, first, a dynamic spatial model used to measure the price elasticity of cigarettes in the short term and long term of the 47 provinces that make up the Spanish territory, detailing the influence of neighbors. Second, given the spatial arrangement of the elasticities observed in the provinces, we can detect behaviors typical of large-scale illicit trade and cross-border purchasing since geographical location can be an important factor in smuggling, and politicians should take this into account when making price policies. RESULTS: Results reveal that the consumption of the regions is influenced by the consumption of the neighboring regions in the same period. The price elasticity of cigarettes in the long term exceeds in many cases, in absolute value, unity. This result is novel because tobacco has historically been treated as an inelastic demand good. Finally, we found that the regions that are most sensitive to price are those bordering France and Gibraltar or tourist regions, demonstrating the effect that smuggling has on the behavior of the regions. CONCLUSIONS: These results are important because the price in Spain is set by the central government and fiscal policies regarding the price of tobacco can have different effects in different regions. This study has shown that the consumption of cigarettes is influenced by the neighboring regions and also measured different sensitivities for each region. Regional cooperation in tobacco control policies may have better effects than the elaborated policies based on historical information. IMPLICATIONS: Policy makers should consider that tobacco could be an elastic good in the long term and that cooperation between countries in terms of price differential should be taken to avoid tobacco smuggling. The allocation of resources to control smoking should consider the special dependence shown in this report. Also, academics should account for spatial dependence to measure tobacco consumption instead of temporal analysis.

[Laparoscopic adenomectomy versus open adenomectomy: A comparative study.] / Adenomectomía simple laparoscópica versus adenomectomía simple abierta: un estudio comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: The improvements in laparoscopic urological surgery have made laparoscopic adenomectomy (LA) possible in voluminous prostatic adenomas. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the results of the LA and compared them with results of the open adenomectomy (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative study of 41 patients undergoing LA [23 LA with Millin technique (LA-MT) and 21 with transvesical technique (LA-TV)] was conducted with 44 patients undergoing OL in prostate adenomas > 100 grams. Data were recorded prospectively, at three different institutions. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative and complications results were evaluated. RESULTS: Prostate volume was 165 (100-345) gr for LA versus 170 (100-328) gr for OA (p=0.669). Preoperative IPSS was 3 (0-3) and Q max. 7 (0-15) for LA against 2 (0-3) and 7 (0-15.3) for OA (p=0.296;p=0.316). There was no difference in surgical time (p=0.069) between both techniques. LA had less operative bleeding, 100 (10-1000) ml than OA, 500 (100-1000) ml (p=0.0001) and a shorter hospital stay, 3 (1-8) days against 3.5 (3-10) days (p=0.0001), postoperative IPSS was 1 (1-2) and Q max. 25 (17-45) for LA against 1 (1-3) and 25.5 (12-44) for OA (p=0889;p=836). There were no differences neither in transfusions requirements' nor complications. CONCLUSION: LA presented similar short-term functional results with less operative bleeding and shorter hospitalization time than OA with similar prostate volumes resected.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los avances en la cirugía laparoscópica urológica han permitido la realización de la adenomectomía simple laparoscópica (ASL) en adenomas prostáticos voluminosos. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados de la ASL y compararlos con la adenomectomía simple abierta (ASA). MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realizó un estudio comparativo de 41 pacientes sometidos a ASL [23 ASL con técnica de Millin (ASL-TM) y 21 con técnica transvesical (ASL-TV)] con 44 pacientes sometidos a ASA en adenomasde próstata > 100 gramos. Los datos se registraron de modo prospectivo, en tres centros diferentes. Se evaluaron los resultados preoperatorios, operatorios, postoperatorios y complicaciones según escala de Clavien. RESULTADOS: El volumen prostático fue 165 (100-345) gr para ASL contra 170 (100-328) gr para ASA (p=0,669). IPSS preoperatorio 3 (0-3) y Q máx. 7 (0-15) para ASL contra 2 (0-3) y 7 (0-15,3) para ASA (p=0,296; p=0,316). No hubo diferencia tiempo quirúrgico (p=0,069). ASL tuvo menos sangrado operatorio100 (10-1000) ml que la ASA 500 (100-1000) ml (p=0,0001) y una menor estadía hospitalaria 3 (1-8) días contra 3,5 (3-10) días (p=0,0001), IPSS postoperatorio1 (1-2) y Q máx. 25 (17-45) para ASL contra 1(1-3) y 25,5 (12-44) para ASA (p=0889; p=836). No hubo diferencias en el requerimiento de transfusiones ni complicaciones.CONCLUSIÓN: La ASL presentó similares resultados funcionales a corto plazo con un menor sangrado operatorio y tiempo de hospitalización que la ASA y una baja tasa de complicaciones a similares volúmenes prostáticos resecados.

Adenomectomía simple laparoscópica versus adenomectomía simple abierta: un estudio comparativo / Laparoscopic adenomectomy versus open adenomectomy: A comparative study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los avances en la cirugía laparoscópica urológica han permitido la realización de la adenomectomía simple laparoscópica (ASL) en adenomas prostáticos voluminosos. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados de la ASL y compararlos con la adenomectomía simple abierta (ASA). MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realizó un estudio comparativo de 41 pacientes sometidos a ASL [23 ASL con técnica de Millin (ASL-TM) y 21 con técnica transvesical (ASL-TV)] con 44 pacientes sometidos a ASA en adenomasde próstata > 100 gramos. Los datos se registraron de modo prospectivo, en tres centros diferentes. Se evaluaron los resultados preoperatorios, operatorios, postoperatorios y complicaciones según escala de Clavien. RESULTADOS: El volumen prostático fue 165 (100-345) gr para ASL contra 170 (100-328) gr para ASA (p = 0,669). IPSS preoperatorio 3 (0-3) y Q máx. 7 (0-15) para ASL contra 2 (0-3) y 7 (0-15,3) para ASA (p = 0,296; p = 0,316). No hubo diferencia tiempo quirúrgico (p = 0,069). ASL tuvo menos sangrado operatorio100 (10-1000) ml que la ASA 500 (100-1000) ml (p = 0,0001) y una menor estadía hospitalaria 3 (1-8) días contra 3,5 (3-10) días (p = 0,0001), IPSS postoperatorio1 (1-2) y Q máx. 25 (17-45) para ASL contra 1(1-3) y 25,5 (12-44) para ASA (p = 0889; p = 836). No hubo diferencias en el requerimiento de transfusiones ni complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La ASL presentó similares resultados funcionales a corto plazo con un menor sangrado operatorio y tiempo de hospitalización que la ASA y una baja tasa de complicaciones a similares volúmenes prostáticos resecados

INTRODUCTION: The improvements in laparoscopic urological surgery have made laparoscopic adenomectomy (LA) possible in voluminous prostatic adenomas. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the results of the LA and compared them with results of the open adenomectomy (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative study of 41 patients undergoing LA [23 LA with Millin technique (LA-MT) and 21 with transvesical technique (LA-TV)] was conducted with 44 patients undergoing OL in prostate adenomas > 100 grams. Data were recorded prospectively, at three different institutions. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative and complications results were evaluated. RESULTS: Prostate volume was 165 (100-345) gr for LA versus 170 (100-328) gr for OA (p = 0.669). Preoperative IPSS was 3 (0-3) and Q max. 7 (0-15) for LA against 2 (0-3) and 7 (0-15.3) for OA (p = 0.296; p = 0.316). There was no difference in surgical time (p = 0.069) between both techniques. LA had less operative bleeding, 100 (10-1000) ml than OA, 500 (100-1000) ml (p = 0.0001) and a shorter hospital stay, 3 (1-8) days against 3.5 (3-10) days (p = 0.0001), postoperative IPSS was 1 (1-2) and Q max. 25 (17-45) for LA against 1 (1-3) and 25.5 (12-44) for OA (p = 0889; p = 836). There were no differences neither in transfusions requirements' nor complications. CONCLUSION: LA presented similar short-term functional results with less operative bleeding and shorter hospitalization time than OA with similar prostate volumes resected

Enhanced vector surveillance to control arbovirus epidemics in Colombia.

In the wake of the Zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. Vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. Furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected by separate governmental entities, which can slow vector control responses to outbreaks. Colombia has adopted several approaches to address these issues. First, a web-based, georeferenced Aedes surveillance system called SIVIEN AEDES was developed to allow field entomologists to record vector abundance and insecticide resistance data. Second, autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) traps are deployed as an alternative way to measure vector abundance. Third, data collected by SIVIEN AEDES are used to develop mathematical models predicting Ae. aegypti abundance down to a city block, thus allowing public health authorities to target interventions to specific neighborhoods within cities. Finally, insecticide resistance is monitored through bioassays and molecular testing in 15 high-priority cities, providing a comprehensive basis to inform decisions about insecticide use in different regions. The next step will be to synchronize SIVIEN AEDES data together with epidemiological and climatic data to improve the understanding of the drivers of local variations in arbovirus transmission dynamics. By integrating these surveillance data, health authorities will be better equipped to develop tailored and timely solutions to control and prevent Aedes-borne arbovirus outbreaks.

Tras la epidemia del Zika, se ha intensificado el interés en vigilar y controlar los vectores de arbovirus Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Aun así, muchos de los sistemas existentes de vigilancia necesitan mejorar. En general son los gobiernos nacionales los que dirigen los programas de control de vectores, aunque estos programas se llevan a cabo a nivel local, por lo que no se tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad del lugar en cuanto a las características ecológicas y epidemiológicas. Además, normalmente los datos entomológicos y epidemiológicos son recopilados por entidades gubernamentales distintas, lo que puede ralentizar el control de vectores durante un brote. Colombia ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas para abordar estas cuestiones. La primera es un sistema en línea de geolocación del mosquito Aedes, llamado SIVIEN AEDES, para que los entomólogos de campo puedan registrar la abundancia de los mosquitos vectores y recoger datos sobre la resistencia a los insecticidas. La segunda es la implantación de ovitrampas autocidales para hembras grávidas (AGO, por su sigla en inglés), que son una manera alternativa de medir la abundancia de vectores. La tercera iniciativa es utilizar los datos recogidos por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES para elaborar modelos matemáticos que predigan la abundancia del A. aegypti hasta incluso en una cuadra de ciudad, de manera que las autoridades de salud pública puedan dirigir las intervenciones a vecindarios específicos dentro de las ciudades. Por último, Colombia está vigilando en quince ciudades prioritarias la resistencia a los insecticidas mediante ensayos biológicos y análisis moleculares, de esta forma se genera una base de datos exhaustiva sobre la que fundamentar las decisiones acerca del uso de insecticidas en las diferentes regiones. El paso siguiente será sincronizar los datos recopilados por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES con datos epidemiológicos y climáticos para poder entender mejor cómo se originan las variaciones locales en la dinámica de transmisión de los arbovirus. Al integrar estos datos de vigilancia, las autoridades sanitarias estarán mejor equipadas para encontrar soluciones oportunas y adecuadas para la situación específica, a fin de controlar y prevenir los brotes de arbovirus transmitidos por el Aedes.

Depois da epidemia de zika, intensificou-se o interesse na vigilância e controle dos vetores arbovirais Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, mas muitos dos sistemas de vigilância existentes poderiam ser aprimorados. Muitos programas de controle de vetores são dirigidos pelos governos nacionais, mas implementados no âmbito local, o que leva à desconsideração de heterogeneidades espaciais em aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos. Além disso, é comum que dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos sejam coletados por agências governamentais separadas, o que pode desacelerar o controle de vetores em resposta aos surtos. A Colômbia adotou vários enfoques para abordar esses problemas. Primeiro, um sistema de vigilância de Aedes georreferenciado e baseado na Internet, chamado SIVIEN AEDES, foi desenvolvido para permitir aos entomólogos de campo registrar a abundância de vetores e a resistência aos inseticidas. Segundo, ovitrampas letais para fêmeas grávidas estão sendo mobilizadas como maneira alternativa de medir a abundância vetorial. Terceiro, os dados coletados pelo SIVIEN AEDES estão sendo utilizados para desenvolver modelos matemáticos para prever a abundância do Ae. aegypti até o nível de quadra/quarteirão, permitindo assim às autoridades de saúde pública direcionar intervenções para bairros específicos em cada município. Finalmente, a resistência aos inseticidas é monitorada através de ensaios biológicos e testes moleculares em 15 cidades de alta prioridade, o que proporciona uma base abrangente para subsidiar decisões sobre o uso de inseticida em diferentes regiões. O próximo passo será sincronizar os dados do SIVIEN AEDES com dados epidemiológicos e climáticos para melhorar a compreensão dos fatores que impulsionam variações locais na dinâmica da transmissão arboviral. Ao integrar esses dados de vigilância, as autoridades de saúde estarão mais bem equipadas para desenvolver soluções personalizadas e oportunas para controlar e prevenir os surtos de arbovírus transmitidos por mosquitos do gênero Aedes.

Enhanced vector surveillance to control arbovirus epidemics in Colombia

[ABSTRACT]. In the wake of the Zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. Vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. Furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected by separate governmental entities, which can slow vector control responses to outbreaks. Colombia has adopted several approaches to address these issues. First, a web-based, georeferenced Aedes surveillance system called SIVIEN AEDES was developed to allow field entomologists to record vector abundance and insecticide resistance data. Second, autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) traps are deployed as an alternative way to measure vector abundance. Third, data collected by SIVIEN AEDES are used to develop mathematical models predicting Ae. aegypti abundance down to a city block, thus allowing public health authorities to target interventions to specific neighborhoods within cities. Finally, insecticide resistance is monitored through bioassays and molecular testing in 15 high-priority cities, providing a comprehensive basis to inform decisions about insecticide use in different regions. The next step will be to synchronize SIVIEN AEDES data together with epidemiological and climatic data to improve the understanding of the drivers of local variations in arbovirus transmission dynamics. By integrating these surveillance data, health authorities will be better equipped to develop tailored and timely solutions to control and prevent Aedes-borne arbovirus outbreaks.

[RESUMEN]. Tras la epidemia del Zika, se ha intensificado el interés en vigilar y controlar los vectores de arbovirus Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Aun así, muchos de los sistemas existentes de vigilancia necesitan mejorar. En general son los gobiernos nacionales los que dirigen los programas de control de vectores, aunque estos programas se llevan a cabo a nivel local, por lo que no se tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad del lugar en cuanto a las características ecológicas y epidemiológicas. Además, normalmente los datos entomológicos y epidemiológicos son recopilados por entidades gubernamentales distintas, lo que puede ralentizar el control de vectores durante un brote. Colombia ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas para abordar estas cuestiones. La primera es un sistema en línea de geolocación del mosquito Aedes, llamado SIVIEN AEDES, para que los entomólogos de campo puedan registrar la abundancia de los mosquitos vectores y recoger datos sobre la resistencia a los insecticidas. La segunda es la implantación de ovitrampas autocidales para hembras grávidas (AGO, por su sigla en inglés), que son una manera alternativa de medir la abundancia de vectores. La tercera iniciativa es utilizar los datos recogidos por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES para elaborar modelos matemáticos que predigan la abundancia del A. aegypti hasta incluso en una cuadra de ciudad, de manera que las autoridades de salud pública puedan dirigir las intervenciones a vecindarios específicos dentro de las ciudades. Por último, Colombia está vigilando en quince ciudades prioritarias la resistencia a los insecticidas mediante ensayos biológicos y análisis moleculares, de esta forma se genera una base de datos exhaustiva sobre la que fundamentar las decisiones acerca del uso de insecticidas en las diferentes regiones. El paso siguiente será sincronizar los datos recopilados por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES con datos epidemiológicos y climáticos para poder entender mejor cómo se originan las variaciones locales en la dinámica de transmisión de los arbovirus. Al integrar estos datos de vigilancia, las autoridades sanitarias estarán mejor equipadas para encontrar soluciones oportunas y adecuadas para la situación específica, a fin de controlar y prevenir los brotes de arbovirus transmitidos por el Aedes.

[RESUMO]. Depois da epidemia de zika, intensificou-se o interesse na vigilância e controle dos vetores arbovirais Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, mas muitos dos sistemas de vigilância existentes poderiam ser aprimorados. Muitos programas de controle de vetores são dirigidos pelos governos nacionais, mas implementados no âmbito local, o que leva à desconsideração de heterogeneidades espaciais em aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos. Além disso, é comum que dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos sejam coletados por agências governamentais separadas, o que pode desacelerar o controle de vetores em resposta aos surtos. A Colômbia adotou vários enfoques para abordar esses problemas. Primeiro, um sistema de vigilância de Aedes georreferenciado e baseado na Internet, chamado SIVIEN AEDES, foi desenvolvido para permitir aos entomólogos de campo registrar a abundância de vetores e a resistência aos inseticidas. Segundo, ovitrampas letais para fêmeas grávidas estão sendo mobilizadas como maneira alternativa de medir a abundância vetorial. Terceiro, os dados coletados pelo SIVIEN AEDES estão sendo utilizados para desenvolver modelos matemáticos para prever a abundância do Ae. aegypti até o nível de quadra/quarteirão, permitindo assim às autoridades de saúde pública direcionar intervenções para bairros específicos em cada município. Finalmente, a resistência aos inseticidas é monitorada através de ensaios biológicos e testes moleculares em 15 cidades de alta prioridade, o que proporciona uma base abrangente para subsidiar decisões sobre o uso de inseticida em diferentes regiões. O próximo passo será sincronizar os dados do SIVIEN AEDES com dados epidemiológicos e climáticos para melhorar a compreensão dos fatores que impulsionam variações locais na dinâmica da transmissão arboviral. Ao integrar esses dados de vigilância, as autoridades de saúde estarão mais bem equipadas para desenvolver soluções personalizadas e oportunas para controlar e prevenir os surtos de arbovírus transmitidos por mosquitos do gênero Aedes.

Early chronic low-level Pb exposure alters global exploratory behaviors but does not impair spatial and object memory retrieval in an object-in-place task in pre-adolescent C57BL/6J mice.

The mechanisms by which early chronic low-level lead (Pb) exposure disrupts the developing brain are not yet understood. Rodent models have provided promising results however behavioral tests sensitive to effects at lowest levels of exposure during development are needed. Preadolescent animals (N=52) exposed to low and higher levels of Pb via lactation from birth to PND 28 completed the Object-in-Place Task of visual spatial and visual object memory retrieval (at PND 28). Generalized linear mixed models were used, controlling for sex and litter as a random effect. As compared with controls, global vertical exploratory behavior (rearing) markedly increased during memory retrieval. The findings suggested that early chronic Pb exposure altered the development of critical exploratory functions needed for learning and survival. Behaviors exhibited in novel spatial and novel object zone perimeters suggested that the Object-in-Place task is a valid measure of visual spatial and visual object memory in pre-adolescent C57BL/6J mice. Additional studies are needed to understand how early chronic low-level lead exposure disrupts the trajectory and possible linkages of critical exploratory and perceptual systems during development.

Olfactory recognition memory is disrupted in young mice with chronic low-level lead exposure.

Chronic developmental lead exposure yielding very low blood lead burden is an unresolved child public health problem. Few studies have attempted to model neurobehavioral changes in young animals following very low level exposure, and studies are needed to identify tests that are sensitive to the neurobehavioral changes that may occur. Mechanisms of action are not yet known however results have suggested that hippocampus/dentate gyrus may be uniquely vulnerable to early chronic low-level lead exposure. This study examined the sensitivity of a novel odor recognition task to differences in pre-adolescent C57BL/6J mice chronically exposed from birth to PND 28, to 0 ppm (control), 30 ppm (low-dose), or 330 ppm (higher-dose) lead acetate (N=33). Blood lead levels (BLLs) determined by ICP-MS ranged from 0.02 to 20.31 µg/dL. Generalized linear mixed model analyses with litter as a random effect showed a significant interaction of BLL×sex. As BLLs increased olfactory recognition memory decreased in males. Among females, non-linear effects were observed at lower but not higher levels of lead exposure. The novel odor detection task is sensitive to effects associated with early chronic low-level lead exposure in young C57BL/6J mice.

Dielectrophoresis chips improve PCR detection of the food-spoiling yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in apple juice.

Dielectrophoretic (DEP) manipulation of cells present in real samples is challenging. We show in this work that an interdigitated DEP chip can be used to trap and wash a population of the food-spoiling yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii that contaminates a sample of apple juice. By previously calibrating the chip, the yeast population loaded is efficiently trapped, washed, and recovered in a small-volume fraction that, in turn, can be used for efficient PCR detection of this yeast. DEP washing of yeast cells gets rid of PCR inhibitors present in apple juice and facilitates PCR analysis. This and previous works on the use of DEP chips to improve PCR analysis show that a potential use of DEP is to be used as a treatment of real samples prior to PCR.

Use of honeydew production to determine reduction in feeding by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults when exposed to cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid treatments.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) whitefly populations produce economically important damage to crops by their direct feeding and also by transmitting plant viruses. Although there are several methods to reduce B. tabaci damage, most growers rely on the use of insecticides to decrease populations of this pest. Insecticides that reduce feeding of whitefly adults may also reduce the transmission of viruses that are harmful to crop plants. However, demonstrating the feeding reduction has proved challenging. In this study, water-sensitive paper was used to determine whitefly adult feeding, indirectly through honeydew production, when insects were placed on insecticide-treated and untreated plants. Plant treatments with two formulations of cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr) showed a reduction in the amount of honeydew produced by B. tabaci adults equivalent to imidacloprid. The reduction in the amount of honeydew produced indicates reduced insect feeding and the possibility for a reduction in virus transmission. Plant treatments with two formulations of cyantraniliprole also resulted in higher mortality than imidacloprid.

Calidad de vida laboral en trabajadores de la Secretaria deGobierno del Municipio de Dosquebradas (Colombia) / Quality of working life in the Department of Government of the Municipality of Dosquebradas (Colombia)

ObjetivoEvaluar la calidad de vida laboral de los funcionarios de la Secretaria de Gobierno del Municipio de Dosquebradas (Colombia), durante el segundo trimestre de 2012.MetodologíaInvestigación cuantitativa, descriptiva en una población de 28 funcionarios. Se utilizó un cuestionario para datos socio-demográficos y el instrumento para medir calidad de vida en el trabajo CVT – GOHISALO, que evalúa 74 ítems, con los cuales se midieron las siete dimensiones de la calidad de vida laboral. ResultadosGrupo con edad promedio de 46 años. 82,0% eran hombres, 25,0 % tenía formación de bachiller, 50,0% estudios superiores técnicos o carreras universitarias y una cuarta parte contaba con especialización. La antigüedad promedio fue de 91 meses y el 32,0% llevaban más de 9 años laborando en la institución. El soporte institucional, la seguridad en el trabajo y el bienestar logrado a través del trabajo fueron las dimensiones que superaron la media normal. Los funcionarios se sentían identificados con los objetivos de la institución, percibían adecuado apoyo de los supervisores, baja motivación por los insumos con los que trabajaban y las condiciones del puesto de trabajo, sin oportunidades de progreso por escalafón e inadecuada administración del tiempo libre.ConclusiónLos trabajadores muestran una serie de percepciones subjetivas que reflejan una realidad de su medio laboral. Representan además una actitud subyacente que podría afectar los objetivos de la institución y la calidad de sus servicios ofrecidos, así como la posibilidad de manifestaciones de inconformidad en el futuro.

Precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia en la revascularización miocárdica / Distant ischemic precondition in myocardic revascularitation

Introducción: una serie de breves períodos de isquemias a distancia, previo al evento isquémico mayor, pueden limitar el daño miocárdico producido por la isquemia crítica y el que se produce postreperfusión.Objetivo: demostrar la efectividad del precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia en los pacientes revascularizados quirúrgicamente.Diseño Metodológico: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo experimental en dos grupos de 60 personas, a los que se les realizó revascularización por injerto de la arteria coronaria. Se procedió a colocar un torniquete en el brazo no dominante en quienes se incluyen en el grupo de estudio prueba, alternando 3 insuflaciones con 3 desinsuflaciones con una presión de 200 mmHg, manteniéndola por espacio de cinco minutos cada una, este proceder se realiza previo, durante y después del evento isquémico mayor que se corresponde con el pinzamiento de la arteria coronaria.Resultados: se logró una importante disminución de la creatinina sérica, CPK-MB, y del consumo de drogas inotrópicas y vasoactivas. Comprobándose además, la disminución en la incidencia de arritmias ventriculares letales, bajo gasto cardiaco fatal y de muerte postoperatoria, en todos los casos muy por debajo de la predicción previamente realizada para estas complicaciones.Conclusiones: el precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia puede ser una importante herramienta a tener en cuenta en la protección antisquémica de la revascularización miocárdica(AU)

Introduction: a sort of distant ischemic periods could limite miocardic injury due to critical ischemic and resulting postreperfusion symdrome, previous to mayor ischemic event.Objective: demostrating the eficiency of the distant ischemic precondictioning in patients with coronary revascularitation.Methodologycal desing: it was used a experimental prospective method in 60 patients divived into two groups, in which revascularitation of coronary artery by graft was apply. Patients with no dominant arm received a tourniquet, three insufflation shuffling with three deflating under 200 mmHg pressure, keeping it for five minutes each, previously, during and after the ischemic mayor event, by clamping the cornonary artery.Results: an importat diminish of seric creatinine, CPK-MB, and inotropyc and vasoactivity drugs was achieved. A diminish of lethal ventrocularies arrythmias, out put cardiac and postperatory death was also achieved and checked, in all cases beneath the previous complicactions predicted.Conclusions: the distant ischemic preconditioning can be an decisory tool to pay attention to in the antischemic protection of myocardic revascularitation(AU)

Precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia en la revascularización miocárdica / Distant ischemic precondition in myocardic revascularitation

Introducción: Una serie de breves períodos de isquemias a distancia, previo al evento isquémico mayor, pueden limitar el daño miocárdico producido por la isquemia crítica y el que se produce postreperfusión. Objetivo: Demostrar la efectividad del precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia en los pacientes revascularizados quirúrgicamente. Diseño Metodológico: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo experimental en dos grupos de 60 personas, a los que se les realizó revascularización por injerto de la arteria coronaria. Se procedió a colocar un torniquete en el brazo no dominante en quienes se incluyen en el grupo de estudio prueba, alternando 3 insuflaciones con 3 desinsuflaciones con una presión de 200 mmHg, manteniéndola por espacio de cinco minutos cada una, este proceder se realiza previo, durante y después del evento isquémico mayor que se corresponde con el pinzamiento de la arteria coronaria. Resultados: se logró una importante disminución de la creatinina sérica, CPK-MB, y del consumo de drogas inotrópicas y vasoactivas. Comprobándose además, la disminución en la incidencia de arritmias ventriculares letales, bajo gasto cardiaco fatal y de muerte postoperatoria, en todos los casos muy por debajo de la predicción previamente realizada para estas complicaciones. Conclusiones: El precondicionamiento isquémico a distancia puede ser una importante herramienta a tener en cuenta en la protección antisquémica de la revascularización miocárdica.

Introduction: A sort of distant ischemic periods could limite miocardic injury due to critical ischemic and resulting postreperfusion symdrome, previous to mayor ischemic event. Objective: Demostrating the eficiency of the distant ischemic precondictioning in patients with coronary revascularitation. Methodologycal desing: It was used a experimental prospective method in 60 patients divived into two groups, in which revascularitation of coronary artery by graft was apply. Patients with no dominant arm received a tourniquet, three insufflation shuffling with three deflating under 200 mmHg pressure, keeping it for five minutes each, previously, during and after the ischemic mayor event, by clamping the cornonary artery. Results: An importat diminish of seric creatinine, CPK-MB, and inotropyc and vasoactivity drugs was achieved. A diminish of lethal ventrocularies arrythmias, out put cardiac and postperatory death was also achieved and checked, in all cases beneath the previous complicactions predicted. Conclusions: The distant ischemic preconditioning can be an decisory tool to pay attention to in the antischemic protection of myocardic revascularitation.