Gender-related differences in the relationship between densitometric values of whole-body bone mineral content and lean body mass in humans between 2 and 87 years of age.

The mineral, lean, and fat contents of the human body may be not only allometrically but also functionally associated. This report evaluates the influence of muscle mass on bone mass and its age-related changes by investigating these and other variables in both genders in the different stages of reproductive life. We have analyzed the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-determined whole-body mineral content (TBMC), lean body mass (LBM), and fat body mass data (FBM) of 778 children and adolescents of both genders, aged 2-20 years [previously reported in Bone 16(Suppl.): 393S-399S; 1995], and of 672 age-matched men and women, aged 20-87 years. Bone mass (as assessed by TBMC) was found to be closely and linearly associated with muscle mass (as reflected by LBM) throughout life. This relationship was similar in slope and intercept in prepubertal boys and girls. However, while keeping the same slope of that relationship (50-54 g increase in TBMC per kilogram LBM): (1) both men and women stored more mineral per unit of LBM within the reproductive period than before puberty (13%-29% and 33%-58%, respectively); (2) women stored more mineral than age-matched men with comparable LBM (17%-29%) until menopause; and (3) postmenopausal women had lower values of bone mineral than premenopausal women, similar to those of men with comparable LBM. Men showed no age effect on the TBMC/LBM relationship after puberty. Multiple regression analyses showed that not only the LBM, but also the FBM and body height (but not body weight), influenced the TBMC, in that decreasing order of determining power. However, neither the FBM nor body height could explain the pre/postpubertal and the gender-related differences in the TBMC/LBM relationship. Accordingly: (1) calculated TBMC/LBM and FBM-adjusted TBMC/LBM ratios were lower in girls and boys from 2-4 years of age until puberty; (2) thereafter, females rapidly reached significantly higher ratios than age-matched men until menopause; and (3) then, ratios for women and age-matched men tended to equalize. A biomechanical explanation of those differences is suggested. Sex hormones or related factors could affect the threshold of the feedback system that controls bone remodeling to adapt bone structure to the strains derived from customary mechanical usage in each region of the skeleton (bone "mechanostat"). Questions concerning whether the mineral accumulation in women during the reproductive period is related or not to an eventual role in pregnancy or lactation, or whether the new bone is stored in mechanically optimal or less optimal regions of the skeleton, are open to discussion.

Lumbar spine bone density in Argentine children.

It has been demonstrated that bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents is influenced by individual height. The aim of the present work was to introduce a formula to include height in the BMD analysis. Postero-anterior (PA) (L2-L4) and lateral (L2-L3) lumbar BMD was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 433 and 393, respectively, healthy Caucasian females from 2 to 20 years of age. A complete medical examination including weight, height, and Tanner puberal stage was performed in all the subjects. Bone age was assessed by left wrist radiographs and analyzed by the TW2 method to insure that it was within 1 year of chronological age. Bone mineral density adjusted for height (BMDcorr = BMC/projected area x height), was calculated for each individual. As analyzed by Tanner stage, both PA and lateral BMD increased up to stage 3, and there were no significant differences among stages 3-5. Results of BMDcorr variations related to Tanner stage suggested that the increase in lateral BMD before puberty might be related to height. PA BMDcorr increased up to Tanner stage 3, and there were no differences among stages 3-5. The BMDCORR approach can be used to get a more reliable analysis of BMD studies in children and adolescents.

Factores determinates de la densidad mineral ósea de niños y adolescentes / Determinant factors of bone mineral density for children and adolescents

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue definir los factores individuales que ejercen mayor influencia en la determinación de la masa ósea en niños y adolescentes. Material y métodos: La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) se midió por absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) en cuerpo entero, Columna lumbar (en proyecciones anteroposterior y lateral) y en cadera (cuello del fémur, trocánter mayor y triángulo de Ward) en 778 personas sanas (433 mujeres y 345 varones) de 2 a 20 años de edad. Se confeccionó en cada caso una historia clínica completa, incluyendo mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC; peso en kg, dividido por el cuadrado de la talla en metros) y el estadio puberal de Tanner. Se determinaron cuatro niveles de actividad física, definidos por cuestionario. Se obtuvieron radiografías de mano y muñeca izquierdas para el cálculo de la edad ósea en todos los casos. Utilizando los parámetros mencionados se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple para los datos densitométricos en cada región de interés. Resultados: El análisis de los datos obtenidos mostró que el peso fue el factor con mayor influencia en el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) de cuerpo entero (mujeres r²=0,992 p<0,001; varones r²=0,990 p<0,001) y la talla fue el factor estadísticamente más significativo en la determinación de la DMO en las diferentes regiones estudiadas (mujeres DMO cuello femoral r²=0,985; DMO columna lumbar r²=0,985; varones DMO cuello femoral r²=0,987; DMO columna lumbar r²=0,983, p<0,001). Cuando se consideró el tipo de tejido óseo (cortical y trabecular), la talla fue el factor más importante en la determinación de ambos tipos de tejido. Conclusión: La talla debería ser tenida en cuenta en el análisis de la densidad mineral ósea en niños y adolescentes (AU)

Factores determinates de la densidad mineral ósea de niños y adolescentes / Determinant factors of bone mineral density for children and adolescents

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue definir los factores individuales que ejercen mayor influencia en la determinación de la masa ósea en niños y adolescentes. Material y métodos: La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) se midió por absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) en cuerpo entero, Columna lumbar (en proyecciones anteroposterior y lateral) y en cadera (cuello del fémur, trocánter mayor y triángulo de Ward) en 778 personas sanas (433 mujeres y 345 varones) de 2 a 20 años de edad. Se confeccionó en cada caso una historia clínica completa, incluyendo mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC; peso en kg, dividido por el cuadrado de la talla en metros) y el estadio puberal de Tanner. Se determinaron cuatro niveles de actividad física, definidos por cuestionario. Se obtuvieron radiografías de mano y muñeca izquierdas para el cálculo de la edad ósea en todos los casos. Utilizando los parámetros mencionados se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple para los datos densitométricos en cada región de interés. Resultados: El análisis de los datos obtenidos mostró que el peso fue el factor con mayor influencia en el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) de cuerpo entero (mujeres r²=0,992 p<0,001; varones r²=0,990 p<0,001) y la talla fue el factor estadísticamente más significativo en la determinación de la DMO en las diferentes regiones estudiadas (mujeres DMO cuello femoral r²=0,985; DMO columna lumbar r²=0,985; varones DMO cuello femoral r²=0,987; DMO columna lumbar r²=0,983, p<0,001). Cuando se consideró el tipo de tejido óseo (cortical y trabecular), la talla fue el factor más importante en la determinación de ambos tipos de tejido. Conclusión: La talla debería ser tenida en cuenta en el análisis de la densidad mineral ósea en niños y adolescentes

Bone mass in children: normative values for the 2-20-year-old population.

Normative values for bone mass were assessed for whole body bone mineral content (WBBMC), anterior-posterior and lateral lumbar spine, radius, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle bone mineral density in 778 healthy children and adolescents (433 females and 345 males) from 2-20 years of age from Argentina. Bone mineral content was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (Norland XR-26 HS with dynamic filtration). All subjects were Caucasian. WBBMC maximum mean value for girls was found to be in the 16-year-old group with difference between gender becoming significant in the 17-year-old (p < 0.05) group. The femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle BMD values in females increased until 14 years of age, with no significant difference between age groups older than 13. In males, no difference between age groups was seen in groups older than 16 years of age. The radius BMD showed a mild increment through infancy and adolescence in boys and girls. In lumbar spine, the gender differences were significant only in those groups over 16 years old, with boys showing a greater BMD than girls (p < 0.001). When Tanner stage was considered, the anova analysis showed in males that there were significant differences between stages (1-2, 2-3, and 4-5 (p < 0.01), but no differences between stages 3-4 for all the sites. In females, there were significant differences between stages 1-2 and 2-3 (p < 0.01), but not between stages 3-4 and 4-5 for WBBMC, FNBMD and LSBMD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)