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1.
Med. oral patol. oral cir. bucal (Internet) ; 17(5): 825-832, sept. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-103127

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To compare two surveys across seven states for the prevalence of dental caries among Mexican schoolchildren. Study Design: Analysis of two cross-sectional surveys: Schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years of age were examined in the 1988-1989 survey and 6- to 10-year-old and 12-year-old students were included in the 1998-2001 survey. The baseline data of seven states were available for analysis. Representative probability samples were conducted statewide in both surveys. The World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain the dental caries index (dmft, DMFT). At present, additional and more recent epidemiological data representative statewide in Mexico are unavailable. Results: The participants were 9798 schoolchildren in the 1988-1989 survey and 16882 schoolchildren in the 1998-2001 survey. The prevalence of caries in children ages 6 to 10 years was 86,6% in the first survey and 65,5% in the second survey, showing a 24,4% reduction. The primary teeth index in the first survey was dmft = 3,86 (IC95% 3,68 4,04) and in permanent teeth, it was DMFT = 1,03 (IC95% 0,95 1,11). In the second survey, the comparable values were dmft = 2,36 (IC95% 2,20 2,52) and DMFT = 0,35 (IC95% 0,29 0,40), corresponding to a reduction of 38,89% and 66,02% in the primary and permanent dentition, respectively. Treatment needs remain high: In the second survey, as 92,75% of the index DMFT was conformed as decayed teeth.Conclusion: Overall, we detected a downward trend in the dental caries indices, particularly in the permanent dentition. The increase in the availability of fluoride likely contributed to the observed decline in dental caries (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Fluoridation , Mexico/epidemiology , School Dentistry/statistics & numerical data , School Health Services , Needs Assessment
2.
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal ; 17(5): e825-32, 2012 Sep 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22549683

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To compare two surveys across seven states for the prevalence of dental caries among Mexican schoolchildren. STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of two cross-sectional surveys: Schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years of age were examined in the 1988-1989 survey and 6- to 10-year-old and 12-year-old students were included in the 1998-2001 survey. The baseline data of seven states were available for analysis. Representative probability samples were conducted statewide in both surveys. The World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain the dental caries index (dmft, DMFT). At present, additional and more recent epidemiological data representative statewide in Mexico are unavailable. RESULTS: The participants were 9798 schoolchildren in the 1988-1989 survey and 16882 schoolchildren in the 1998-2001 survey. The prevalence of caries in children ages 6 to 10 years was 86.6% in the first survey and 65.5% in the second survey, showing a 24.4% reduction. The primary teeth index in the first survey was dmft=3.86 (IC95% 3.68 4.04) and in permanent teeth, it was DMFT=1.03 (IC95% 0.95 1.11). In the second survey, the comparable values were dmft=2.36 (IC95% 2.20 2.52) and DMFT=0.35 (IC95% 0.29 0.40), corresponding to a reduction of 38.89% and 66.02% in the primary and permanent dentition, respectively. Treatment needs remain high: In the second survey, as 92.75% of the index DMFT was conformed as decayed teeth. CONCLUSION: Overall, we detected a downward trend in the dental caries indices, particularly in the permanent dentition. The increase in the availability of fluoride likely contributed to the observed decline in dental caries.


Subject(s)
Dental Caries/epidemiology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors
3.
Salud Publica Mex ; 48(1): 72-9, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16555537

ABSTRACT

In 1992, a new type of influenza virus appeared in Southeast Asia. This new strain has caused to date, more than 120 cases and over 60 deaths in Cambodia,Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. This situation is seen by the experts as the possible genesis of a new influenza pandemic with the corresponding negative effects on the health of the population, international commerce and world economy. In order to face the coming challenge, the World Health Organization (WHO) has asked member countries to develop national preparedness and response plans for an influenza pandemic. Within the framework of the National Committee for Health Security, Mexico has developed a National Preparedness and Response Plan for an Influenza Pandemic with the aim of protecting the health of the population with timely and effective measures. The Plan is based on a risk scale and five lines of action: Coordination, Epidemiological Surveillance, Medical Care, Risk Communication and Strategic Stockpile. It is currently impossible to predict when the next pandemic will start or what will be its impact. Nevertheless, it is fundamental that national and regional health authorities establish measures for protecting the health of the population in case this emergency occurs.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Emergencies , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Public Health
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(1): 72-79, ene.-feb. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-426436

ABSTRACT

En 1992 apareció en el sureste asiático un nuevo tipo de virus de la influenza, el cual ha ocasionado hasta la fecha m s de 120 casos y un poco más de 60 defunciones en humanos en Camboya, Vietnam, Indonesia y Tailandia. Esta situación es considerada por los expertos como la probable génesis de una nueva pandemia de influenza, lo que podría traer graves consecuencias para la salud de la población, así como para la economía y el comercio mundial. Por lo anterior, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha instado a los países miembros a desarrollar planes de preparación y respuesta para hacer frente a esta eventualidad. En el marco del Comit‚ Nacional para la Seguridad en Salud, México ha diseñado el Plan Nacional de Preparación y Respuesta ante una Pandemia de Influenza con objeto de proteger a la población mediante acciones efectivas y oportunas. El Plan utiliza una escala de riesgo y define cinco líneas de acción: Coordinación, Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Atención Médica, Difusión y Movilización Social, y Reserva Estratégica. Si bien es imposible predecir cuándo se presentar  la próxima pandemia y su impacto, es fundamental que las autoridades de salud nacionales, estatales y locales establezcan los mecanismos para poner en marcha los componentes del Plan en forma oportuna y garantizar con ello la salud de la población en caso de influenza pandémica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Emergencies , Mexico/epidemiology , Public Health
5.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 23(10 Suppl): S149-55, 2004 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15502694

ABSTRACT

AIM: To analyze changes in prevalence and seasonality of diarrhea morbidity and mortality and to evaluate the impact of rotavirus disease among Mexican children younger than 5 years old. METHODS: Diarrhea surveillance was performed from 1990 to 2002. Rotavirus testing was performed on stool specimens from 1996 to 2002. Data were obtained from different surveillance systems considering a nationwide representation in Mexico. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates were analyzed against time to determine trends or seasonal patterns. RESULTS: Improvement of surveillance for all diarrhea episodes denoted an initial morbidity increase from 1995 to 1999, followed by a decrease by 2002, without any seasonal pattern. However, from 1990 to 1995, morbidity for severe diarrhea decreased 63%. From 1996 to 2002, 62-68% of severe diarrhea episodes occurring during the fall-winter season (FWS) were rotavirus-positive compared with 6-12% in the spring-summer season (SSS). From 1990 to 2002, diarrhea mortality decreased 84%. Higher mortality rates for children younger than 1 year old coincided precisely during the FWS, annually. Both severe diarrhea episodes and diarrhea deaths denoted a changing seasonal pattern. In 1990-1991, 2 waves of increased diarrhea activity occurred. The increase in SSS was much more pronounced than that in FWS. From 1992 to 1995 for severe diarrhea and from 1993 to 2002 for diarrhea deaths, the SSS frequencies subsequently reduced, whereas the FWS peaks remained annually. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of severe diarrhea has occurred from 1990 and 2002 in Mexican children younger than 5 years old. This is a consequence of preventive programs initiated for cholera control since 1991, which had greater impact on SSS diarrhea and limited response for FWS diarrhea, when rotavirus is mainly present. Currently rotavirus diarrhea requires new prevention strategies and specific control measures, such as a specific national vaccine program.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea/mortality , Diarrhea/prevention & control , Rotavirus Infections/mortality , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Seasons , Chi-Square Distribution , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea/virology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Prevalence
6.
Salud Publica Mex ; 45(3): 211-20, 2003.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12870423

ABSTRACT

In early February 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) began receiving reports of patients with a syndrome characterized by an atypical pneumonia with rapid progression to respiratory failure without an identified cause despite extensive diagnostic workups. Most of these reports pointed out that the outbreak started in Southern China, specifically in the Guandong Province. The initial outbreak in South East Asia has already spread to other Regions in Asia, Europe, North and South America, and South Africa. Many of these cases can be linked through chains of transmission to an index case from the Guandong Province who visited Hong Kong. Although the exact mode of transmission has not been clearly established, the etiology of this syndrome has already been identified. A novel Coronavirus has been identified by electron microscopy and molecular assays in multiple laboratories from respiratory specimens throughout the world. The syndrome has been defined as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) by WHO, and is characterized by an incubation period between 1 and 10 days (average 5 days) and by a febrile phase that usually lasts approximately 3 days. During the respiratory phase that begins around day 3, patients start developing a dry cough, shortness of breath and hypoxemia. Mechanical ventilatory support is required in about 10 to 40% of cases and the case-fatality rate ranges between 3 and 16%. The laboratory findings in SARS cases include leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and a rise in transaminases and lactic dehydrogenase levels. Treatment of SARS includes supportive measures and the empiric use of ribavirin. Respiratory isolation, use of respiratory masks, and compulsory hand hygiene constitute the principal preventive measures. The confirmation of a case can be performed at reference laboratories by serologic and molecular assays. From the onset of this epidemic Mexico established a surveillance system as well as clinical guidelines and recommendations for the identification, prevention of secondary spread, and medical management of suspicious and probable cases by health care personnel.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology , Canada/epidemiology , China/epidemiology , Global Health , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission , United States/epidemiology
7.
Salud pública Méx ; 45(3): 157-158, mayo-jun. 2003. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-349867

ABSTRACT

A principios de febrero de 2003 la Organización Mundial de la Salud comenzó a recibir reportes de pacientes con un síndrome caracterizado por neumonía atípica, con rápida progresión hacia insuficiencia respiratoria sin una causa identificada. Los casos aparentemente se iniciaron en el sur de China y se han diseminado a otras regiones en Asia, Europa, Sudáfrica, Norte América y Sur América. La causa de este síndrome es una nueva variedad de Coronavirus, aislado en secreciones respiratorias y en otras. El síndrome ha sido definido en inglés como SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se caracteriza por un periodo de incubación de 1 a 10 días (promedio de cinco días), una fase febril prodrómica que aparece entre los días 1 a 3. Posteriormente, aparecen síntomas respiratorios como tos, disnea, y signos como hipoxemia, que en 10 a 40 por ciento de los casos requieren de ventilación mecánica. La tasa de letalidad ha variado de 3 por ciento hasta 16 por ciento. Los hallazgos de laboratorio incluyen trombocitopenia, leucopenia, elevación de creatinin-fosfokinasa, y, en ocasiones, de transaminasas hepáticas y deshidrogenasa láctica. El tratamiento incluye medidas de apoyo; la utilización empírica del antiviral ribavirina es controvertida, debido a que hasta el momento no existe un tratamiento específico. Se recomienda el aislamiento respiratorio de los pacientes, la utilización de máscaras protectoras y el lavado estricto de manos como principales medidas de prevención. Desde el inicio de esta epidemia México estableció un sistema de vigilancia, así como recomendaciones al personal de salud para la identificación, prevención de casos secundarios y manejo clínico de casos sospechosos


Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology , Canada/epidemiology , China/epidemiology , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission , United States/epidemiology , Global Health
9.
México, D.F; México. Secretaría de Salud; ene. 1999. 21 p.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266968

ABSTRACT

Este manual tiene por objetivo el definir las medidas de prevención y control de los casos y brotes de conjuntivitis hemorrágica aguda (CHA), así como las medidas y procedimientos para la vigilancia epidemiológica en todas las instituciones que integran el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Contenido: 1) Introducción. 2) Antecedentes. a) Aspectos clínicos de la conjuntivitis hemorrágica aguda: definición, cuadro clínico, etiología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y medidas de control. b) Aspectos epidemiológicos de la CHA: situación epidemiológica actual en México. 3) Justificación. 4) Objetivo 5) Vigilancia epidemiológica de la CHA: procedimientos de vigilancia epidemiológica y organización. 6) Anexos


Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic , Handbook
10.
Enferm. Infecc. microbiol ; 17(6): 170-3, nov.-dic. 1997.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-210869

ABSTRACT

Se comunica el caso de un enfermo diagnosticado inicialmente como dengue hemorrágico, en quien los estudios de laboratorio confirmaron infección por Leptospira. Dada la elevada frecuencia del dengue hemorrágico y la confluencia de factores de riesgo para su aparición en amplias zonas del país, además de la similitud de su cuadro clínico con las formas icterohemorrágicas de la infección por Leptospira, se hace obligatorio establecer en forma rutinaria el diagnóstico diferencial entre ambos padecimientos. Hasta hace algunos años estos padecimientos se consideraban raros en Latinoamérica; no obstante, existen demostraciones de brotes importantes en diversas área. Hay varios estudios que indican que la frecuencia de infección por Leptospira es alta y que su espectro clínico es amplio. En este trabajo se hace hincapié en la importancia de considerar ambos diagnósticos en pacientes de cualquier edad con manifestaciones hemorrágicas y se abren las puertas para la investigación aplicada sobre su frecuencia y distribución; asimismo, se contemplan los factores de riesgo más importantes para su aparición y se establece la necesidad de reforzar la vigilancia del padecimiento y la capacidad diagnóstica en el laboratorio, incluyendo las pruebas para Leptospira como parte de los estudios rutinarios en pacientes febriles


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Leptospirosis , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Weil Disease/diagnosis , Weil Disease/mortality
11.
Enferm. Infecc. microbiol ; 17(6): 177-8, nov.-dic. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-210871
12.
México, D.F; Dirección General de Estadística, Informática y Evaluación; 1991. 15 p.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-167784

ABSTRACT

Evaluación del Programa de Mejoramiento de Servicios de Salud México-BID 1991, aplicado en México por la Secretaría de Salud, donde se dan a conocer los resultados en materia de: I. Población y cobertura II. Disponibilidad de recursos III. Productividad IV. Segundo Nivel de Atención V. Satisfacción del usuario VI. Organización y participación comunitaria VII. Construcción y equipamiento de unidades VIII. Disponibilidad de servicios básicos y condiciones de las unidades IX. Financiamiento X. Conservación y mantenimiento XI. Comentarios y conclusiones


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Health Programs and Plans , Mexico , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care
13.
México, D.F; México. Secretaría de Salud; s.f. 42 p.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266967

ABSTRACT

Este manual tiene como propósito el de servir de apoyo al médico responsable del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica en el ejercicio de sus funciones en lo concerniente al registro y notificación de los problemas de salud que afecten a su comunidad, para referir a los diferentes centros de salud a las personas que requieran de atención médica. Contenido: Introducción. 1) Antecedentes. 2) Marco teórico: factores condicionantes; sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica, información convencional y no convencional; aspectos epidemiológicos. 3) Justificación. 4) Objetivos. 5) Límites. 6) Sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica simplificada: padecimientos incluidos, componentes, organización estructural, asignación de responsables y funciones, flujo de información, bases legales y normativas. 7) Capacitación, supervisión y evaluación. Anexos


Subject(s)
Handbook
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